Index St-Sz

Staal, Boele (b. Dec. 18, 1947, Apeldoorn, Netherlands), queen's commissioner of Utrecht (1998-2007) and Overijssel (acting, 2017-18). He was acting mayor of Arnhem in 2016-17.

Staal, Gerard Johan (b. Sept. 5, 1870, The Hague, Netherlands - d. Nov. 15, 1936, The Hague), governor-general of Dutch Guiana (1916-19, 1920).

Staal, Henri, byname of Hendrik Pieter Staal (b. June 17, 1845, Zwolle, Netherlands - d. Oct. 15, 1920, The Hague, Netherlands), war minister of the Netherlands (1905-07).

Staargaard, Christiaan Frederik (b. Feb. 28, 1885, Soerabaja, Netherlands East Indies [now Surabaya, Indonesia] - d. April 18, 1951, Laren, Noord-Holland, Netherlands), provincial commissioner of Groningen (1942-45).

Stabell, Lars Bastian Ridder (b. April 27, 1798, Copenhagen, Denmark - d. Jan. 13, 1860, Kragerø, Bratsberg amt [now Telemark fylke], Norway), governor of Nordlands amt (1834-47).

Stace, Edward Vincent (b. 1841, Ireland - d. May 6, 1903, Ireland), political agent of British Somaliland (1889-93).

Stacey, Graham (Edward) (b. Sept. 1, 1959, London, England), administrator of the British Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus (2010-13).

Stack, Karl, interior minister of Papua New Guinea (1991-92). He was also minister of commerce and industry (1982-85) and forests (1988-91).

L. Stack

Stack, Sir Lee (Oliver Fitzmaurice) (b. May 15, 1868, Darjeeling, India - d. Nov. 20, 1924, Cairo, Egypt), governor-general of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1917-24); knighted 1918. He was also sirdar of the Egyptian army (1917-24). He was shot in his car by seven assailants on Nov. 19, 1924, and died the next day.

Stackelberg, (Göran Bernt) Magnus friherre (b. May 10, 1788 - d. Nov. 17, 1833, Malmö, Sweden), governor of Malmöhus (1831-33).

Stadinger, István (b. Jan. 27, 1927, Keszthely, Hungary - d. Jan. 26, 2018, Budapest, Hungary), Hungarian politician. He was president of the National Assembly (1988-89).

Stadion(-Warthausen), Johann Philipp (Karl Joseph) Graf von (b. June 18, 1763, Mainz, Archbishopric of Mainz [Germany] - d. May 15, 1824, Baden, near Vienna, Austria), foreign minister (1805-09) and finance minister (1815-24) of Austria. He was also minister to Sweden (1787-89), Great Britain (1790-93), and Prussia (1801-03) and ambassador to Russia (1803-05).

Staehelin, Jenö (Charles Albert) (b. Jan. 14, 1940, Basel, Switzerland), Swiss diplomat. He was ambassador to the Vatican (1991-93) and Japan (1993-97) and permanent observer (1997-2002) and permanent representative (2002-04) to the United Nations.

Staël von Holstein, Georg Bogislaus friherre (b. Dec. 6, 1685 - d. Dec. 6, 1763, Malmö, Sweden), governor of Kalmar (1734-54) and Malmöhus (1754-63). He was made friherre (baron) in 1731.

Staf, Kees, byname of Cornelis Staf (b. April 23, 1905, Ede, Gelderland, Netherlands - d. Sept. 10, 1973, Arnhem, Gelderland), war and navy minister of the Netherlands (1951-59). He was also acting minister of overseas parts of the realm (1956-57) and agriculture, fisheries, and food provision (1958, 1958-59).

Stafford, (Martin) Douglas (b. Sept. 29, 1933, Syracuse, N.Y. - d. Feb. 1, 2015), acting United Nations high commissioner for refugees (1990-91). He was deputy high commissioner in 1990-93.

Stafford, Sir Edward William (b. April 23, 1819, Edinburgh, Scotland - d. Feb. 14, 1901, London, England), premier of New Zealand (1856-61, 1865-69, 1872); knighted 1879. He was also treasurer (1865-66) and postmaster-general (1865-66, 1869).

R.T. Stafford

Stafford, Robert T(heodore) (b. Aug. 8, 1913, Rutland, Vt. - d. Dec. 23, 2006, Rutland), governor of Vermont (1959-61). Having become state deputy attorney general in 1953, he won his first statewide race in 1954 for attorney general. Two years later he was elected lieutenant governor, and then in 1958 governor. In 1960 he won his first term in the U.S. House of Representatives and continued to win reelection until he was appointed to the Senate in 1971 on the death of Sen. Winston Prouty. Stafford won the special election in 1972 to serve the five years remaining in Prouty's term, and remained in the Senate until his retirement in 1989. As ranking Republican on the Senate's environment committee, he repeatedly defended the Superfund program to clean up contaminated sites and shepherded bills combating acid rain and automobile pollution. In 1988, Congress saluted his dedication to education measures, renaming the Federal Guaranteed Student Loan program the Robert T. Stafford Student Loan program. The low-interest loans came to be known almost universally as Stafford loans to the millions who qualified for them each year. Stafford, who once considered himself conservative, even hawkish, wasn't shy about bucking presidents of his own party. He led a successful effort to override Pres. Ronald Reagan's veto of amendments that strengthened the Clean Water Act, and tangled with industry when he believed it was thwarting efforts to clean the environment.

Stagno

Stagno (Ugarte), Bruno (b. April 8, 1970, Paris, France), foreign minister of Costa Rica (2006-10). In 2002-06 he was permanent representative to the United Nations.

Ståhlberg

Ståhlberg, Kaarlo Juho, originally Carl Johan Ståhlberg (b. Jan. 28, 1865, Suomussalmi, Oulu county, Finland - d. Sept. 22, 1952, Helsinki, Finland), president of Finland (1919-25). He was elected to the Diet in 1904, becoming a leader of the Constitutionalist party. He consistently advocated democratic principles and was among the first to demand universal and equal suffrage. He was a member of the Senate (government) from 1905 until he resigned in 1907. He later served several terms in the newly established unicameral parliament and was elected speaker in 1914. After the end of Russian control, he contributed decisively to the adoption of a republican form of government. His draft constitution of 1917 became the basis of the one adopted in 1919. He was president of Finland's highest administrative court in 1918-19. Leader of the National Progressive Party, he was elected president of the new republic in 1919. He set a precedent of making full use of his constitutional powers. He tried his utmost to conciliate "Reds" and "Whites" after the Civil War. In 1925 he did not seek reelection as he thought that the right would become reconciled to the republic sooner if he stood aside. In October 1930, he was abducted by fascists in Helsinki who planned to drive him over the Soviet border, but he was released when the automobile ran out of gasoline. He twice came close to being reelected president: in 1931 he was defeated by Pehr Evind Svinhufvud by two votes, and in 1937 he failed by only one vote to obtain a majority in the first round but then finished third in the second round.

Stahovitsh, Mihail Aleksandrovitsh, Russian Mikhail Aleksandrovich Stakhovich (b. Jan. 20 [Jan. 8, O.S.], 1861, Palna, Oryol province, Russia - d. Sept. 10, 1923, Aix-en-Provence, France), governor-general of Finland (1917). He was also a member of the Russian State Duma (1906, 1907) and Russian ambassador to Spain (1917).

Stainback, Ingram M(acklin) (b. May 12, 1883, Somerville, Tenn. - d. April 12, 1961, Honolulu, Hawaii), governor of Hawaii (1942-51).

Stainov, Petko (Stoyanov) (b. May 19, 1890, Kazanlak, Bulgaria - d. July 24, 1972, Varna, Bulgaria), foreign minister of Bulgaria (1944-46). He was also minister of railways, posts, and telegraphs (1930-31) and minister to France (1934-35) and Belgium (1934).

Stakhovich, Pavel (Aleksandrovich) (b. Jan. 14, 1865 - d. 1930), Russian official; brother of Mihail Aleksandrovitsh Stahovitsh. He was head of the Chief Administration of State Horse Breeding (1915-17).

Stakun, Mikhail (Osipovich) (b. 1893, Nedzyany, Vilna province, Russia [now in Lithuania or Belarus] - d. [in prison] April 27, 1943, Tambov, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Belorussian S.S.R. (1937).

Stal, Karl (Fyodorovich), German Karl Gotthard von Staal (b. July 10, 1774, Haehl, Russia [now in Estonia] - d. July 27, 1824), governor of Georgia province (1815-18).

Stalev

Stalev, Stoyan (Zhivkov) (b. Dec. 5, 1952, Sofia, Bulgaria), foreign minister of Bulgaria (1997). He was also ambassador to Germany (1991-97) and Turkey (1998-2006).

I. Stalin

Stalin, Iosif (Vissarionovich), commonly known in English as Joseph Stalin, original name Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (b. Dec. 18 [Dec. 6, O.S.], 1878¹, Gori, Russia [now in Georgia] - d. March 5, 1953, Kuntsevo [now part of Moscow], Russian S.F.S.R.), Soviet leader. Between 1902 and 1913 he was seven times arrested for revolutionary activity. In 1912 Vladimir Lenin - then in emigration - co-opted him to serve on the first Central Committee of the Bolshevik party. By 1913 he had adopted the name Stalin. In 1913-17 he was exiled to Siberia. He played a secondary role in the October Revolution (1917) and became commissar for nationalities (1917-23) and for state control (or workers' and peasants' inspection; 1919-23). But it was his position as general secretary of the party's Central Committee (from 1922) that provided the power base for his dictatorship. After Lenin's death in 1924, he outmanoeuvred his rivals, especially Lev Trotsky, and became the undisputed leader. He industrialized the Soviet Union, collectivized its agriculture, and consolidated his position by totalitarian methods. In great purges, especially in 1937-38, an astonishing proportion of high party and government leaders and others were executed. In May 1941 he recognized the growing danger of German attack on the Soviet Union by appointing himself chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (premier); it was his first governmental office since 1923. His prewar defensive measures were exposed as incompetent by the German blitzkrieg that surged deep into Soviet territory after the attack of June 22, 1941. But he helped to organize a great counteroffensive; the battle of Stalingrad (1942-43) turned the tide of the war against the Germans, who capitulated in 1945. After the war he extended Soviet control to include a belt of eastern European states. He created a mighty military-industrial complex and transformed the Soviet Union into a superpower.
¹ Date fixed by the birth register of the Uspensky church in Gori; Stalin himself maintained that he was born on Dec. 21 (Dec. 9, O.S.), 1879.

M.K. Stalin

Stalin, Muthuvel Karunanidhi (b. March 1, 1953, Madras [now Chennai], India), chief minister of Tamil Nadu (2021- ); son of Kalaignar Muthuvel Karunanidhi.

Staliyski, Aleksandur (Aleksandrov) (b. Aug. 4, 1925, Sofia, Bulgaria - d. Jan. 13, 2004, Sofia), defense minister of Bulgaria (1992). His father of the same name served as minister of justice in the government of Ivan Bagrianov between June and September 1944 and was executed after the Communist takeover. The younger Staliyski joined the centre-right Union of Democratic Forces after the fall of the Communist government in 1989. He was elected to parliament in 1991 and served as defense minister from May to December 1992 in a minority government of anti-Communists which was ousted after losing a confidence vote.

Stallard, Sir Peter (Hyla Gawne) (b. March 6, 1915 - d. Oct. 25, 1995), governor of British Honduras (1961-66) and lieutenant governor of the Isle of Man (1966-74); knighted 1961.

Stamate, Olesea (b. Dec. 20, 1983, Kishinev, Moldavian S.S.R. [now Chisinau, Moldova]), justice minister of Moldova (2019).

I. Stambolic

Stambolic, Ivan (b. Nov. 5, 1936, Brezova village, near Ivanjica, Serbia - d. Aug. 25?, 2000, Fruska Gora mountain, near Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Serbia), Yugoslav politician; nephew of Petar Stambolic. He was president of the Executive Council (1978-82), chairman of the Central Committee of the League of Communists (1984-86), and president of the Presidency (1986-87) of Serbia. He was the political father of Slobodan Milosevic, who ousted him in 1987 over the situation in Kosovo, where ethnic Albanians started demanding more substantial independence of Serbia. Stambolic's backers argued that the crisis in the province should be resolved in a phased manner and through dialogue, and opposed Milosevic's support to Serb nationalism. In 1988 he was appointed president of the Yugoslav Bank for International Economic Cooperation and he remained at its helm until resigning on Oct. 20, 1997. Stambolic, who continued to be critical of Milosevic, disappeared mysteriously on Aug. 25, 2000. Serbian police found his remains on March 27, 2003. It was announced that he was abducted in Kosutnjak Park, Belgrade, taken to the Fruska Gora mountain, killed with two bullets, and then dropped in a hole by Milosevic's elite police Unit for Special Operations (JSO).

Stambolic, Petar (b. May 12, 1912, Brezova village, near Ivanjica, Serbia - d. Sept. 21, 2007, Belgrade, Serbia), secretary (1948-57) and chairman (1968) of the Central Committee of the Communist Party/League of Communists, prime minister (1948-53), and president of the National Assembly (1953-57) of Serbia and president of the Federal Assembly (1957-63), of the Federal Executive Council (1963-67), and of the Presidency (1982-83) of Yugoslavia. He was also Yugoslav minister of agriculture and forests (1947-48).

Stamboliyski

Stamboliyski, Aleksandur (Stoimenov) (b. March 1, 1879, Slavovitsa, Bulgaria - d. June 14, 1923, near Slavovitsa), prime minister of Bulgaria (1919-23). In 1908 he was elected to the National Assembly (Sobranye), where he led the Agrarian Party. He began to organize the peasant masses, who formed 80% of the population of Bulgaria, into agricultural associations. His opposition to King Ferdinand came to a head in 1915 during the negotiations preceding Bulgaria's entry into World War I. He threatened the king with violence if he should fight against the Allies. Ferdinand ordered his arrest, and he was court-martialed and condemned to penal servitude for life. Freed in September 1918 when the resistance of the Bulgarian troops began to crumble, he led an insurrection that resulted in Ferdinand's abdication and flight. Under the new king, Boris III, Stamboliyski became a member of the cabinet in January 1919 and prime minister in October. He then went to Paris to sign the Treaty of Neuilly (November 27), which considerably decreased Bulgaria's territory. He dissolved the Sobranye in February 1920 and his Agrarians won a majority in the March elections. His determination to promote the interests of the peasantry against the bourgeoisie of the capital was expressed in the words: "Sofia, that Sodom, that Gomorrah, may disappear... I shall not weep for it." He made persistent efforts to improve relations with Yugoslavia and concluded an agreement at Nis (1922). His ideal was to establish a South Slav federation embracing Bulgaria. He also advocated a "Green International" to unite the peasants of all countries. He won the April 1923 elections overwhelmingly, but bourgeois elements, aided by the military, overthrew him on June 9; he tried to escape but was caught near his village and shot. He had also been minister of public works (1919-20), defense (1919-21), and foreign affairs (1920-23).

Stambolov

Stambolov, Stefan (Nikolov) (b. Jan. 31, 1854, Turnovo, Ottoman Empire [now Veliko Turnovo, Bulgaria] - d. July 18, 1895, Sofia, Bulgaria), prime minister of Bulgaria (1887-94). Early involved with Bulgarian revolutionary committees, he led an anti-Turkish rising at Nova Zagora in 1875 and organized another at Orekhovitsa in 1876. He fought in the Serbian campaign against Turkey in 1876 and, with a Bulgarian irregular contingent of the Russian forces, in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, as a result of which Bulgaria gained autonomy. Soon elected to the new Bulgarian national assembly (Sobranye), he became its president in 1884. He was instrumental in persuading Prince Aleksandur I to accept the union of Eastern Rumelia with Bulgaria in 1885, despite Russian opposition. When pro-Russian officers abducted Aleksandur in August 1886, Stambolov set up a government loyal to him at Turnovo and his measures led to the downfall of the pro-Russian provisional government at Sofia. On Aleksandur's final abdication (September 1886), Stambolov became head of a regency council and eventually (July 1887) secured the election of Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to the vacant throne. Under Ferdinand he became prime minister and interior minister in September 1887. His foreign policy was to obtain the recognition of Ferdinand and to win the support of European powers against Russian interference in Bulgaria. He ruthlessly stamped out recurrent plots and armed risings engineered by equally ruthless political opponents who were backed by Pan-Slavist circles in Russia. The growing violence became unbearable to Ferdinand, who, moreover, sought reconciliation with Russia, and he finally forced Stambolov out of office in May 1894. Now exposed to the vengeance of his enemies, Stambolov was brutally assaulted in the streets of Sofia on July 15, 1895, and died three days later.

Stamenkovic, Dragi (b. 1920, Leskovac, Yugoslavia [now in Serbia] - d. Feb. 17, 2004, Belgrade, Serbia), president of the Executive Council of Serbia (1964-67). He was a partisan during World War II and leader of the Communist Youth of Serbia (1942-45), then organizational secretary of the Serbian Communists and secretary of the Belgrade branch of the Communist Party (1947-51), Serbian minister for energetics and extractive industry (April-October 1951), president of the Serbian Workers' Union (1952-64), and again head of the Belgrade Communists (1964-65). He became president of the Executive Council after the (suspicious) death in a car crash of Slobodan Penezic Krcun. Later, he was president of the Conference of the Socialist Alliance of Working People of Serbia (1967-71), Serbian member of the Presidency of Yugoslavia (1971-74), and Yugoslav ambassador to the United Kingdom (1974-77).

Stamenov, Stamen (Tsvetkov) (b. Sept. 15, 1922, Chavdar, Bulgaria - d. Aug. 26, 1981), a deputy premier of Bulgaria (1980-81). He was also minister of construction and building materials industry (1971-72), mineral resources (1974-77), and metallurgy and mineral resources (1977-81).

Stammati, Gaetano (b. Oct. 4, 1908, Naples, Italy - d. Feb. 11, 2002, Rome, Italy), finance minister (1976) and treasury minister (1976-78) of Italy. He was also minister of public works (1978-79) and foreign trade (1979-80).

Stammberger, Wolfgang (b. July 14, 1920, Coburg, Bayern, Germany - d. May 1, 1982, Coburg), justice minister of West Germany (1961-62). He was also lord mayor of Coburg (1970-78).

Stämpfli, Jakob (b. Feb. 23, 1820, Wengi, Bern, Switzerland - d. May 15, 1879, Bern, Switzerland), president of Switzerland (1856, 1859, 1862). He was also president of the government of Bern (1849-50), president of the National Council (1851, 1875), and minister of justice and police (1855), finance (1857-58), and military (1860-61, 1863).

Stampfli, Walter (b. Dec. 3, 1884, Büren, Solothurn, Switzerland - d. Oct. 11, 1965, Zürich, Switzerland), president of Switzerland (1944). He was also economy minister (1940-47).

Stanbery, Henry (b. Feb. 20, 1803, New York City - d. June 26, 1881, New York City), U.S. attorney general (1866-68).

Stanchov, Dimitur (Yanev) (b. May 9, 1864, Svishtov, Bulgaria - d. March 23, 1940, Sofia, Bulgaria), foreign minister (1906-08) and prime minister (1907) of Bulgaria. He was also diplomatic agent in Romania (1894-95), Austria-Hungary (1895-96), and Russia (1896-1906) and minister to the United Kingdom (1908, 1920-24), France (1908-15), Belgium (1910-15, 1921-22), Italy (1915), Spain (1915), and the Netherlands (1922-24).

Stanchov, Ivan (Ivanov) (b. April 1, 1929, Sofia, Bulgaria - d. Nov. 24, 2021, Scotland), foreign minister of Bulgaria (1994-95); grandson of Dimitur Stanchov. He was also ambassador to the United Kingdom and Ireland (1991-94).

Stanculescu, Victor Athanasie (b. May 10, 1928, Tecuci, Galati county, Romania - d. June 19, 2016, Bucharest, Romania), defense minister of Romania (1990-91).

Stanczyk, Janusz (b. Jan. 22, 1955, Tarnów, Poland), Polish diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (2000-04) and ambassador to the Netherlands (2007-12).

Staneke, Emmanuil (Yakovlevich), German Emanuel von Stanecke (b. Jan. 28, 1750, Gdansk, Poland - d. June 6, 1838, Mitava, Russia [now Jelgava, Latvia]), governor of Courland (1816-24).

Stanescu, Ion, original surname Silaghi (b. Jan. 23, 1929, Ghercesti, Dolj county, Romania - d. [hit by train] June 5, 2010, Peris, Ilfov county, Romania), interior minister of Romania (1972-73). He was also president of the State Security Council (1968-72), a deputy premier (1977-78), and minister of tourism and sports (1984-89).

Stanfield, Frank (b. April 24, 1872, Truro, N.S. - d. Sept. 25, 1931, Halifax, N.S.), lieutenant governor of Nova Scotia (1930-31).

R.L. Stanfield

Stanfield, Robert L(orne) (b. April 11, 1914, Truro, N.S. - d. Dec. 16, 2003, Ottawa, Ont.), Canadian politician; son of Frank Stanfield. He served on the Wartime Prices and Trade Board in Halifax in 1942-45. In 1947 he became president of the Nova Scotia Progressive Conservative Association, at a time that the party was not represented in the local legislature. He became leader of the provincial party in 1948 and rebuilt its miserable fortunes, eventually forming the government in 1956, ending 23 years of Liberal rule. Taking up the posts of premier, treasurer, and minister of education, he initiated extensive programs for education, health, welfare, and highway construction. He was reelected three times, then resigned in 1967 and was elected national leader of the Progressive Conservatives. He entered the House of Commons in a November 1967 by-election. As opposition leader until 1976 he continuously attacked Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau's economic policies. But his slow way of speaking, which belied his sharp wit, did not translate well onto the national scene. A photograph of him fumbling a football during the 1974 federal election campaign seemed to galvanize public sentiment against him. Stanfield's awkward style contrasted sharply with the dashing, more youthful Trudeau and helped cost the party every election it fought under his leadership (1968, 1972, 1974). He was nevertheless widely seen as "the best prime minister Canada never had." After leaving parliament in 1979 he became chairman of the Institute for Research on Public Policy (1983-87) and of the Commonwealth Foundation (1987-91). In his later years, he was regarded as the conscience of the Conservatives, representing their progressive or "red" side on social issues.

Stanford, (Amasa) Leland (b. March 9, 1824, Watervliet, N.Y. - d. June 21, 1893, Palo Alto, Calif.), governor of California (1862-63).

Stanford, Rawghlie C(lement) (b. Aug. 2, 1879, Buffalo Gap, Texas - d. Dec. 15, 1963, Phoenix, Ariz.), governor of Arizona (1937-39).

A. Stang

Stang, Axel (Heiberg) (b. Feb. 21, 1904, Oslo, Norway - d. Oct. 11, 1974, Rømskog, Norway), Norwegian politician. He was one of the acting councillors of state (from 1941, ministers) during the 1940-45 German occupation; his portfolio was labour service and sports.

Stang, Emil (b. June 14, 1834, Christiania [now Oslo], Norway - d. July 4, 1912, Kristiania [now Oslo]), prime minister of Norway (1889-91, 1893-95); son of Frederik Stang. He was also chairman of the Conservative Party (1884-89, 1891-93, 1896-99).

Stang, Emil (b. Sept. 22, 1882, Kristiania [now Oslo], Norway - d. Dec. 21, 1964, Oslo), Norwegian politician; son of the above. He was chairman of the Labour Party (1922-23) and chief justice (1946-52).

Stang, Frederik, until the early 1830s Friederich Stang (b. March 4, 1808, Stokke, Jarlsberg og Laurvigs amt [now Vestfold fylke], Norway - d. June 8, 1884, Bærum, Akershus, Norway), governor-general (1861-73) and prime minister (1873-80) of Norway. He was also mayor of Christiania (1861).

Stang, Fredrik (b. Dec. 27, 1867, Christiania [now Oslo], Norway - d. Nov. 15, 1941, Oslo), Norwegian politician; son of Emil Stang (1834-1912); son-in-law of Christian Homann Schweigaard. He was chairman of the Conservative Party (1907-11), justice minister (1912-13), and chairman of the Storting's Nobel Committee (1922-41).

Stang, (Hans) Georg (Jacob) (b. Feb. 17, 1858, Christiania [now Oslo], Norway - d. Sept. 11, 1907, Kristiania [now Oslo]), defense minister of Norway (1900-03); son of Jacob Stang.

Stang, (Hans Georg) Jacob (b. Nov. 17, 1830, Nannestad, Norway - d. March 1, 1907, Kristiansand, Norway), justice minister of Norway (1887-88) and governor of Vest-Agder (1889-1906). He was also minister in Stockholm (1888-89).

Stange Oelckers, Rodolfo (b. Sept. 30, 1925, Puerto Montt, Chile - d. Nov. 26, 2023), Chilean junta member (1985-90). He was director-general of the military police (Carabineros) in 1985-95.

Stanhope, Edward (b. Sept. 24, 1840, London, England - d. Dec. 21, 1893, Chevening, near Sevenoaks, Kent, England), British secretary of state for war (1887-92). He was also president of the Board of Trade (1885-86) and secretary of state for the colonies (1886-87).

Stanhope, James Stanhope, (1st) Earl (b. 1673, Paris, France - d. Feb. 5, 1721, London, England), British secretary of state for the Southern Department (1714-16) and the Northern Department (1716-17, 1718-21) and chancellor of the exchequer (1717-18). He was created Baron and Viscount Stanhope in 1717 and earl in 1718.

J. Stanhope

Stanhope, Jon(athon Donald) (b. April 29, 1951, Gundagai, N.S.W.), chief minister of the Australian Capital Territory (2001-11) and administrator of Christmas Island and Cocos Islands (2012-14).

Stanik, Syuzanna (Romanivna) (b. Sept. 27, 1954, Lvov [Lviv], Ukrainian S.S.R.), justice minister of Ukraine (1997-2002). She was also minister of family and youth affairs (1996-97) and ambassador to Switzerland (2003-04).

Stanikzai, (Mohammad) Masoum (b. 1958, Mughul Khel village, Logar province, Afghanistan), acting defense minister of Afghanistan (2015-16). He was also minister of telecommunications and information technology (2002-04), secretary of the High Peace Council (2010-14), and director of the National Directorate of Security (2016-19).

Stanishev

Stanishev, Sergey (Dmitrievich) (b. May 5, 1966, Kherson, Ukrainian S.S.R.), prime minister of Bulgaria (2005-09). He joined the Bulgarian Communist Party in the spring of 1989, just months before the fall of the regime. In 1995, he became a staff member at the foreign affairs department of the Bulgarian Socialist Party, the successor of the Communists. He took the helm of the party in 2001. Under his leadership, it managed to revamp its image, seriously tarnished by its 1994-97 governance that ended in an economic meltdown, and to regain power at the general elections in 2005 after eight years in opposition. With his youthful style, he managed to win the support of younger voters for a party whose traditional voter base was still in rural areas among people over the age of 50. His party came first in the election, but did not win a majority, and he formed a coalition government with the liberal party of former prime minister Simeon Sakskoburggotski and the Movement for Rights and Freedoms, a mainly ethnic Turkish party. He fulfilled his pledges to bring back Bulgaria's 370 troops in Iraq by the end of 2005 and to ensure European Union membership on Jan. 1, 2007. He stood down as party leader in 2014.

Stanislaus, Sir Lamuel A(rnold) (b. April 22, 1921, Petite Martinique island, Grenada - d. Sept. 18, 2016, New York City), Grenadian diplomat; knighted 2016. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1985-90, 1998-2004).

Stanislaw I

Stanislaw I Leszczynski, original full name Stanislaw Boguslaw Leszczynski h. Wieniawa (b. Oct. 20, 1677, Lwów, Poland [now Lviv, Ukraine] - d. Feb. 23, 1766, Lunéville, France), king of Poland (1705-09, 1733-34). In 1702 King Carl XII of Sweden invaded Poland, enforced the deposition of King August II (1704), and then procured the election of Stanislaw to the throne. After the defeat of Carl by the Russians at Poltava (1709), Stanislaw left Poland and settled at Wissembourg, in Alsace, while August II recovered the kingdom. In 1725 Stanislaw's daughter Marie was married to Louis XV of France, and in 1733, after the death of August, France supported his candidature to the Polish throne. He went in disguise to Warsaw and was elected by an overwhelming majority of the Diet. The War of the Polish Succession then broke out, as Russian and Austrian armies entered Poland to annul his election. Thus before he could be crowned, he lost his throne a second time. Under Russian pressure, a small minority in the Diet accepted the Saxon elector Friedrich August II as king of Poland with the style of August III. Stanislaw took refuge in Gdansk (Danzig), which his enemies then besieged. Waiting in vain for French assistance, he fled before the city fell to the Russians. He escaped to Königsberg, Prussia, whence he directed the guerrilla warfare of his partisans in Poland. The preliminary peace between France and Austria (1735) and the definitive Peace of Vienna (1738) decided that August III was to remain king of Poland but that Stanislaw, retaining his royal titles, was to have the duchies of Lorraine and Bar for life. His court at Lunéville became famous as a cultural centre, and he proved himself a good administrator and promoter of economic development.

Stanislaw II

Stanislaw II August Poniatowski, original full name Stanislaw Antoni Poniatowski h. Ciolek (b. Jan. 17, 1732, Wolczyn, Poland - d. Feb. 12, 1798, St. Petersburg, Russia), king of Poland (1764-95). As an envoy to the Russian court, he gained influence through an affair with the future Russian empress Yekaterina II. With her support, he was elected king following the death of August III in 1763. For Yekaterina, who sought to keep Poland on its course of decline, he seemed a convenient pawn. He tried to strengthen royal power, to modernize the state administration, and to improve the parliamentary system, but his reforms were opposed by a group of magnates and Yekaterina forced him to drop his plans (1768). He was then faced with the Confederation of Bar, a union of nobles opposed to Russian interference, which proclaimed an interregnum (1770), thus making the king even more dependent on Russia. In 1772 Russia, Prussia, and Austria carried out the first partition of Poland, each annexing a portion of Polish territory. A new constitution, seen as a requirement to prevent further national decay, was finally approved by the Sejm (Diet) in May 1791. Russia then invaded and succeeded in crushing the constitutional movement. Stanislaw participated in the captive Sejm at Grodno in 1793, which had to assent to the second partition of Poland, with further loss of territory to Russia and Prussia. He took no firm stand during these upheavals, and in 1794 Tadeusz Kosciuszko led a Polish insurrection, overriding all royal authority. After the Russians defeated the uprising, the third partition of Poland followed in 1795, its entire territory now being annexed by Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Stanislaw abdicated at Grodno on Nov. 25, 1795, and spent the rest of his days in semicaptivity at St. Petersburg.

Stanisoara, Mihai (b. June 11, 1962, Craiova, Romania), defense minister of Romania (2008-09).

Stanjura, Zbynek (b. Feb. 15, 1964, Opava, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), finance minister of the Czech Republic (2021- ). He was also minister of transport (2012-13).

Stank, Jozef (b. Oct. 26, 1940, Nitra, Slovakia - d. March 7, 2005, Bratislava, Slovakia), defense minister of Slovakia (2001-02). He was also ambassador to the Czech Republic (1998-2001).

C. Stankevicius

Stankevicius, Ceslovas (Vytautas) (b. Feb. 27, 1937, Vilkaviskis district, Lithuania), defense minister of Lithuania (1996-2000). He was also ambassador to Norway (2001-05).

L.M. Stankevicius

Stankevicius, Laurynas Mindaugas (b. Aug. 10, 1935, Aukstadvaris, Lithuania - d. March 17, 2017), prime minister of Lithuania (1996). He was also minister of social security (1993-94), administration reforms and municipal affairs (1994-96), and health (1998-99).

Stankovic, Zoran (b. Nov. 9, 1954, Trgoviste village, near Vladicin Han, southern Serbia - d. Oct. 5, 2021, Belgrade, Serbia), defense minister of Serbia and Montenegro (2005-06) and Serbia (2006-07). He was a presidential candidate in Serbia in 2012 and health minister of Serbia in 2011-12.

Stanley, Augustus O(wsley) (b. May 21, 1867, Shelbyville, Ky. - d. Aug. 12, 1958, Washington, D.C.), governor of Kentucky (1915-19). He was also a U.S. representative (1903-15) and senator (1919-25) from Kentucky.

Stanley, George F(rancis) G(illman) (b. July 6, 1907, Calgary, Alta. - d. Sept. 13, 2002, Sackville, N.B.), lieutenant governor of New Brunswick (1981-87). He was a historian and in 1964 was instrumental in designing the Canadian (maple-leaf) flag.

Stanley, Sir George Frederick (b. Oct. 14, 1872 - d. July 1, 1938), governor of Madras (1929-34); knighted 1929; son of Frederick Arthur Stanley, Earl of Derby.

Stanley, Henry Sydney Herbert (Cloete) (b. March 5, 1920 - d. Dec. 29, 1995), British high commissioner of the New Hebrides (1976-77); son of Sir Herbert Stanley. He was also high commissioner to Ghana (1970-75) and Trinidad and Tobago (1977-80).

Stanley, Sir Herbert (James) (b. July 25, 1872, Manchester, England - d. June 5, 1955, Cape Town, South Africa), governor of Northern Rhodesia (1924-27), Ceylon (1928-31), and Southern Rhodesia (1935-42) and high commissioner for Southern Africa (1931-35); knighted 1924.

Stanley, Martin (b. 1948), acting governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands (2011). He was chief executive in 2011-12.

Stanley, Oliver (Frederick George) (b. May 4, 1896, London, England - d. Dec. 10, 1950, Sulhamstead, Berkshire, England), British politician. He was the second son of the 17th Earl of Derby. He served in the royal field artillery in World War I, receiving the Military Cross and the Croix de Guerre. In 1923 he unsuccessfully contested Edgehill, Liverpool, but from 1924 to 1945 sat in Parliament for Westmorland. From 1945 until his death he represented West Bristol. He became undersecretary to the Home Office in 1931 and two years later was appointed minister of transport. He was given cabinet rank in June 1934 as minister of labour, but in June 1935 was transferred to the Board of Education. In 1937 he was appointed president of the Board of Trade, and in January 1940 he succeeded Leslie Hore-Belisha as secretary of state for war. Stanley rejoined the royal field artillery in 1940 but returned to politics in November 1942 as secretary of state for the colonies, remaining in this office until the general election of 1945.

Stanley, Sir Robert (Christopher Stafford) (b. May 12, 1899 - d. May 31, 1981), acting governor of Northern Rhodesia (1947-48) and high commissioner for the Western Pacific (1952-55); knighted 1954.

Stanley, Thomas B(ahnson) (b. July 16, 1890, near Spencer, Henry county, Va. - d. July 10, 1970, Martinsville, Va.), governor of Virginia (1954-58).

Stanley, William E(ugene) (b. Dec. 28, 1844, Knox county, Ohio - d. Oct. 13, 1910, Wichita, Kan.), governor of Kansas (1899-1903).

Stanley of Alderley, Arthur Lyulph Stanley, (5th) Baron, (5th) Baron Sheffield, (4th) Baron Eddisbury (b. Sept. 14, 1875, London, England - d. Aug. 22, 1931, London), governor of Victoria (1914-20); grandson of Edward John Stanley, Baron Stanley of Alderley. He was knighted in 1914 and succeeded to the three baronies in 1925.

Stanley of Alderley, Edward John Stanley, (2nd) Baron, (1st) Baron Eddisbury (b. Nov. 13, 1802, Alderley Park, Cheshire, England - d. June 16, 1869, London, England), British politician. He was paymaster-general (1841, 1852, 1853-55), president of the Board of Trade (1855-58), and postmaster-general (1860-66). He was created Baron Eddisbury in 1848 and succeeded as Baron Stanley of Alderley in 1850.

Stanmore, Arthur (Charles) Hamilton Gordon, (1st) Baron (b. Nov. 26, 1829, London, England - d. Jan. 30, 1912, London), lieutenant governor of New Brunswick (1861-66), governor of Trinidad (1866-70), Mauritius (1871-74), Fiji (1875-80), New Zealand (1880-82), and Ceylon (1883-90), and high commissioner for the Western Pacific (1877-80); son of George Hamilton Gordon, Earl of Aberdeen. He was knighted in 1871 and created baron in 1893.

Stanovnik, Janez (b. Aug. 4, 1922, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia [now in Slovenia] - d. Jan. 31?, 2020), president of the Presidency of Slovenia (1988-90). He was also executive secretary of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (1968-82).

Stans

Stans, Maurice H(ubert) (b. March 22, 1908, Shakopee, Minn. - d. April 14, 1998, Pasadena, Calif.), U.S. politician. In the second Dwight D. Eisenhower administration, Stans was director of the Bureau of the Budget. He was Pres. Richard Nixon's commerce secretary (1969-72) and raised more than $60 million - a record - for Nixon's reelection campaign in 1972. But along with the TV ads, balloons, and bunting, the money bought the dirty tricks and outright crimes that eventually brought down the president. Stans was indicted along with former Attorney General John Mitchell on 10 counts of perjury and conspiracy involving a $200,000 contribution from financier Robert Vesco. They were acquitted by a jury. Stans later pleaded guilty to five nonwillful violations of campaign financing laws and paid a $5,000 fine. He said he wanted to avoid the further expense of defending himself, and spent much time in the ensuing decades trying to keep people from lumping him in with the worst of the Watergate conspirators.

Stanton, Edwin M(cMasters) (b. Dec. 19, 1814, Steubenville, Ohio - d. Dec. 24, 1869, Washington, D.C.), U.S. attorney general (1860-61) and secretary of war (1862-68).

Stanton, Frederick P(erry) (b. Dec. 22, 1814, Alexandria, Va. - d. June 4, 1894, Stanton, Fla.), acting governor of Kansas (1857, 1857).

Stapledon, Sir Robert (b. Feb. 6, 1909 - d. Aug. 30, 1975), governor of Eastern region, Nigeria (1956-60), and the Bahamas (1960-64); knighted 1956.

Starcevic, Feodor (b. June 30, 1942, Split, Croatia), Serbian diplomat. He was United Nations chief representative in Georgia (1992-95) and Serbian permanent representative to the United Nations (2009-13).

Starchak, Ivan (Nikolayevich) (b. Jan. 3, 1902 [Dec. 21, 1901, O.S.], Shelkovskoy, Terek oblast, Russia - d. Aug. 25, 1985, Grozny, Chechen-Ingush A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the Executive Committee of Grozny oblast (1944-49). He was also minister of water of the Chechen-Ingush A.S.S.R. (1958-63).

Starhemberg

Starhemberg, Ernst Rüdiger (Camillo Maria) (until 1919, Fürst von) (b. May 10, 1899, Eferding, Austria - d. March 15, 1956, Schruns, Austria), Austrian politician. Although he took part in the Munich (Beer Hall) Putsch (1923), he distanced himself from Nazism, objecting to its racial theories. He became provincial leader of the Heimwehr (a paramilitary defense force) in Oberösterreich in 1929, and its national head in September 1930. He was Austrian minister of the interior from September to November 1930, but his Heimatblock (the political arm of the Heimwehr) failed to show electoral strength. He became an admiring disciple of Benito Mussolini, whom he often visited, and by whom the Heimwehr movement was supported and encouraged. Starhemberg stood aloof during the September 1931 coup attempt by the Styrian Heimwehr leader Walter Pfrimer, which was quickly suppressed. Under the chancellorship of Engelbert Dollfuss from 1932, the influence of the Heimwehr steadily increased; Heimwehr leaders successively joined the cabinet till they formed half of it; and on May 1, 1934, Starhemberg became vice chancellor. He had assisted in the formation of the right-wing alliance called the Fatherland Front (Vaterländische Front) and after the assassination of Dollfuss (July 25, 1934) became its head. It became evident, however, that there was not enough room in Austrian politics for both him and the new chancellor, Kurt Schuschnigg. Dissensions in the Heimwehr gave Schuschnigg the opportunity to expel Starhemberg from the government in May 1936. After the incorporation of Austria into Nazi Germany in March 1938, Starhemberg, who had sought to maintain a fascist but independent Austria, moved to France. In World War II he served briefly in the Free French forces. From 1942 to 1955 he lived in Argentina.

Staribacher, Andreas (b. Jan. 7, 1957, Vienna, Austria), finance minister of Austria (1995-96); son of Josef Staribacher.

Staribacher, Josef (b. March 25, 1921, Vienna, Austria - d. Jan. 4, 2014, Vienna), Austrian politician. He was chairman of the food workers' union (1960-89) and minister of trade and industry (1970-83).

Stark, Lloyd C(row) (b. Nov. 23, 1886, Louisiana, Mo. - d. Sept. 17, 1972, Clayton, Mo.), governor of Missouri (1937-41).

Starke, Heinz (b. Feb. 21, 1911, Schweidnitz, Schlesien, Prussia, Germany [now Swidnica, Poland] - d. Jan. 31, 2001, Bonn, Germany), finance minister of West Germany (1961-62).

Starmer, Sir Keir (Rodney) (b. Sept. 2, 1962, London, England), British politician; knighted 2013. He has been director of public prosecutions (2008-13) and leader of the Labour Party (2020- ).

Starodubtsev, Vasily (Aleksandrovich) (b. Dec. 25, 1931, Volovchik, Lipetsk oblast, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Dec. 30, 2011, Novomoskovsk, Tula oblast, Russia), head of the administration of Tula oblast (1997-2005). He was also one of the members of the "State Committee for the State of Emergency" that tried to depose Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev in 1991.

Staroselsky, Dmitry (Semyonovich) (b. May 27 [May 15, O.S.], 1832 - d. March 23 [March 11, O.S.], 1884, Tiflis, Russia [now Tbilisi, Georgia]), governor of Baku (1872-76).

Staroselsky, Vladimir (Aleksandrovich) (b. Nov. 15 [Nov. 3, O.S.], 1860, Chernigov, Russia [now Chernihiv, Ukraine] - d. Aug. 26, 1916, Paris, France), acting governor of Kutaisi (1905-06).

Starova, Arjan (Avni) (b. Sept. 26, 1954), foreign minister of Albania (1997).

Starovoyt

Starovoyt, Roman (Vladimirovich) (b. Jan. 20, 1972, Kursk, Russian S.F.S.R.), governor of Kursk oblast (2018- ). He was also head of Federal Road Agency (2012-18).

Starr

Starr, Kenneth W(inston), byname Ken Starr (b. July 21, 1946, Vernon, Texas - d. Sept. 13, 2022, Houston, Texas), U.S. government official. He served as a law clerk (1975-77) to Chief Justice Warren Burger, as a counselor to the U.S. attorney general (1981-83), as an appellate judge (1983-89), and as U.S. solicitor general (1989-93). In August 1994 he became independent counsel investigating the pre-White House involvement of Pres. Bill Clinton and his wife Hillary in the Whitewater land development company and the failed Madison Guaranty Savings and Loan in Arkansas. He also investigated the suicide of Vincent Foster, a longtime friend of the Clintons and deputy White House counsel, but the matter was eventually closed. Later, his investigation expanded to Mrs. Clinton's law firm billing records on Madison, which were missing but then turned up in the White House residence. Then, he investigated the firing of workers in the White House travel office ("Travelgate") and requests for FBI files on Republicans ("Filegate"). His investigations resulted in the convictions, among others, of former Arkansas governor Jim Guy Tucker and former Clinton Whitewater business partners James and Susan McDougal. Finally, Clinton's relationship with Monica Lewinsky consumed Starr's attention. On Sept. 9, 1998, he submitted his report to Congress, finding that Clinton had committed perjury, obstructed justice, tampered with a witness, and abused his power as president. He charged that Clinton had lied under oath about a sexual relationship with former White House intern Lewinsky and had taken steps to cover it up. The investigative activities of Starr, a fervid Republican, were seen by many as politically motivated and an attempt to topple the president over a matter of private rather than public conduct.

Starrin, Karin (Margareta) (b. Oct. 28, 1947), governor of Halland (1997-2004).

Stary, Grigory (Ivanovich), original surname Borisov (b. Dec. 9 [Nov. 27, O.S.], 1880, Boziyeni, Bessarabia province, Russia [now in Moldova] - d. [executed] Oct. 11, 1937), chairman of the Central Executive Committee (1925-26) and chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1926-28, 1932-37) of the Moldavian A.S.S.R. He was also people's commissar of food (1919) and labour (1919) of the Bessarabian S.S.R. and chairman of the Moldavian Revolutionary Committee (1924-25).

Starzewski, Jan (b. Jan. 26, 1895, Wadowice, Poland - d. Jan. 25, 1973, London, England), foreign minister of Poland in exile (1972-73). He was also Polish chargé d'affaires in Estonia (1933-34) and ambassador to Denmark (1936-40).

Starzynski, Mieczyslaw (Alfons) (b. July 22, 1891, Warsaw, Poland - d. 1941/42), acting governor of Stanislawowskie województwo (1936).

Stasiak, Wladyslaw (Augustyn) (b. March 15, 1966, Wroclaw, Poland - d. [plane crash] April 10, 2010, near Smolensk, Russia), interior minister of Poland (2007). He was also head of the National Security Bureau (2006-07, 2007-09) and the presidential chancellery (2009-10).

Stasinopoulos

Stasinopoulos, Michail (Dimitriou) (b. July 27, 1903, Kalamata, Greece - d. Oct. 31, 2002, Athens, Greece), president of Greece (1974-75). He was originally member of the Council of State, then became minister of the presidency of the government (1952, 1958), communications (provisional, 1952), and labour (provisional, 1952), and vice-president (1963-66) and president (1966-69) of the Council of State. He was removed from the latter position due to a resolution of the council which declared the military dictatorship illegal. After the fall of the dictatorship in 1974 he was elected MP for the New Democracy party, and after the referendum which declared Greece a republic, the parliament appointed him as the first president of the third Greek Republic, for the interim period pending the revision of the constitution. He also served as ad hoc judge at the International Court of Justice at The Hague in 1976-78.

Stasinskas, Vladas (b. Oct. 10, 1874, Dameliai, Russia [now in Lithuania] - d. March 11, 1944, Kedainiai, Lithuania), interior minister (1918) and justice minister (1938) of Lithuania. He was also a member of the Russian State Duma (1907) and governor of the Bank of Lithuania (1930-38).

Stassart, Goswin Joseph Augustin, baron de (b. Sept. 2, 1780, Mechelen, Austrian Netherlands [now Belgium] - d. Oct. 10, 1854, Brussels, Belgium), Belgian politician. He was prefect of the French départements of Vaucluse (1810) and Bouches-de-la-Meuse (1811-13), governor of Namur (1830-34) and Brabant (1834-39), chairman of the Senate (1831-38), and minister to Sardinia (1840).

Stassen

Stassen, Harold E(dward) (b. April 13, 1907, West St. Paul, Minn. - d. March 4, 2001, Bloomington, near Minneapolis, Minn.), U.S. politician. He started his political career as a county prosecutor. In 1938, at the age of 31, he became the youngest person to be elected governor of Minnesota, and he was reelected in 1940 and 1942. The latter election was Stassen's last successful campaign. He resigned the governorship in April 1943, four months after beginning his third term, and joined the Navy, where he served in the Pacific as assistant chief of staff to Adm. William Halsey. A progressive Republican, he first sought the GOP presidential nomination in 1948 against Thomas Dewey. Four years later he again jumped into the Republican presidential race, facing Dwight D. Eisenhower and conservative Ohio Sen. Robert Taft. Stassen swung the convention to Eisenhower by releasing the Minnesota delegation to him at the end of the first ballot. According to a statement released by his family after his death, Stassen advised Eisenhower not to pick Richard Nixon as his running mate. When Nixon was later elected president, the statement said, Stassen was twice audited by the Internal Revenue Service and both times the government agency found that he had over-paid his taxes. Stassen also sought the Republican presidential nomination in 1964, 1968, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, and 1992 - nine times in all, but some of his later attempts at the office were more symbolic than substantive.

Statescu, Eugeniu (b. Dec. 25, 1836, Bucharest, Walachia [now in Romania] - d. Dec. 30, 1905, Bucharest), foreign minister of Romania (1881-82). He was also minister of justice (1876-77, 1877-79, 1881-82, 1882-83, 1885-88, 1895-96, 1902-03) and interior (1881) and president of the Senate (1897, 1901-02).

Statius van Eps, Johan Marin (b. Jan. 18, 1894 - d. ...), administrator of Bonaire (1935-39).

Stattin, (Johan) Ragnar (b. Nov. 13, 1886, Överlännäs, Västernorrland, Sweden - d. June 10, 1962), governor of Västernorrland (1944-53).

Stauning, Thorvald (August Marinus) (b. Oct. 26, 1873, Copenhagen, Denmark - d. May 3, 1942, Copenhagen), prime minister of Denmark (1924-26, 1929-42). He became a member of the Folketing in 1906 and leader of the Danish Social Democratic Party in 1910. He was Scandinavia's first Social Democratic minister (without portfolio, 1916-20) and, after the general election of 1924, became prime minister of Denmark's first Social Democratic government. The monetary reforms of his first administration aggravated depressed conditions in industry and agriculture and led to his defeat in the 1926 elections, but in 1929 he returned to head a Social Democratic-Radical-Liberal coalition. He met the economic crisis of 1931 with far-reaching state intervention in support of agriculture, industry, and the standard of life of the working class; the social reform bill of 1933 established the principle of the needy citizen's right to public support. In international politics he was a staunch adherent of the League of Nations and of cooperation between the Scandinavian countries. He was also minister of industry, commerce, and shipping (1924-26), shipping and fisheries (1929-33), and defense (1933-35). In the general election of 1935, fought by the Social Democrats under the slogan "Stauning or Chaos," the party's popularity reached its peak when 46% of the electorate voted for it. His programme was interrupted with the German occupation of Denmark (1940), but he continued as premier of a national coalition government until his death. His funeral became a manifestation of popular and national solidarity. He was the longest-serving Danish premier of the 20th century.

Staur, Carsten (b. Nov. 9, 1954), Danish diplomat. He was ambassador to Israel (1996-98) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2007-13).

Staveley, Martin Samuel (b. Oct. 3, 1921 - d. June 20, 1998), administrator of the British Virgin Islands (1962-67).

Stavrev, Dragoljub (b. June 28, 1932, Skopje, Yugoslavia [now in North Macedonia] - d. Dec. 23, 2003, Skopje), chairman of the Executive Council (1982-86) and president of the Presidency (1986-88) of Macedonia. He was also mayor of Skopje (1969-74) and a deputy premier of Yugoslavia (1978-82).

Stavrinakis, Georgios (Stavrou) (b. 1932, Nicosia, Cyprus), interior minister of Cyprus (1997-98). He was also minister of labour (1980-82) and justice (provisional, 1996).

Stawell, Sir William Foster (b. June 27, 1815, Oldcourt, County Cork, Ireland - d. March 12, 1889, Naples, Italy), acting governor of Victoria (1884); knighted 1857. He was attorney-general (1851-57), chief justice (1857-86), and lieutenant governor (1886-89).

Stawinski, Eugeniusz (b. Sept. 23, 1905, Lódz, Poland - d. July 28, 1989, Warsaw, Poland), a deputy premier of Poland (1956). He was also president (mayor) of Lódz (1947-49) and minister of light industry (1949-68).

Stearns, Marcellus L(ovejoy) (b. April 29, 1839, Center Lovell, Maine - d. Dec. 8, 1891, Palatine Bridge, N.Y.), governor of Florida (1874-77).

Stearns, Onslow (b. Aug. 30, 1810, Billerica, Mass. - d. Dec. 29, 1878, Concord, N.H.), governor of New Hampshire (1869-71).

Steblin-Kamensky, Yegor (Pavlovich) (b. April 29 [April 17, O.S.], 1815, Miltsakh, near Poltava, Russia - d. May 16 [May 4, O.S.], 1882), governor of Vilna (1869-82).

Steczkowski, Jan Kanty (b. Oct. 16, 1862, Dabrowa Tarnowska, Austria [now in Poland] - d. Sept. 3, 1929, Kraków, Poland), finance minister (1917-18, 1918, 1920-21) and prime minister (1918) of Poland.

Stedt, Johan Axel (b. July 20, 1756, Malmbäck, Jönköping, Sweden - d. April 7, 1805, Kristina, Jönköping), governor of Jönköping (1801-05).

Stee, Fons van der, byname of Alphonsus Petrus Johannes Mathildus Maria van der Stee (b. July 30, 1928, Langeweg, Terheijden [now in Moerdijk] municipality, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands - d. Sept. 9, 1999, The Hague, Netherlands), finance minister of the Netherlands (1980-82). He was also minister of agriculture and fisheries (1973-80) and Netherlands Antilles affairs (1977-81).

Steeg, Théodore (b. Dec. 19, 1868, Libourne, Gironde, France - d. Dec. 19, 1950, Paris, France), governor-general of Algeria (1921-25), resident-general of Morocco (1925-29), and prime minister of France (1930-31). He was also minister of public instruction and fine arts (1911-12, 1913, 1917), interior (1912-13, 1917, 1920-21), justice (1925, 1930), and colonies (1930-31, 1938) and president of the Radical Party (1944-48).

Sir D. Steel

Baron Steel

Steel, Sir David (George) (b. April 6, 1961), governor of Gibraltar (2020- ); knighted 2015.

Steel of Aikwood (of Ettrick Forest in the Scottish Borders), David (Martin Scott) Steel, Baron (b. March 31, 1938, Kirkcaldy, Scotland), British politician. He became the youngest member of Parliament in 1965 when he was elected from Scotland. He was leader of the Liberal Party from 1976 to 1988. He was instrumental in creating the Liberal-Social Democratic alliance of 1981 and the merger between the two parties to form the Social and Liberal Democrats in 1988. He was knighted in 1989. At the 1997 election Steel retired from the House of Commons. He was subsequently created a life peer. In 1999 he was elected as presiding officer of the first Scottish parliament for almost 300 years. Within the Scottish parliament he was referred to as Sir David Steel. He retired in 2003.

Steele, George W(ashington) (b. Dec. 13, 1839, near Connersville, Ind. - d. July 12, 1922, Marion, Ind.), governor of Oklahoma (1890-91).

Steele, Sir James Stuart (b. Oct. 26, 1894, Ballycarry, County Antrim, Ireland [now in Northern Ireland] - d. July 24, 1975, Stourpaine, Dorset, England), high commissioner of the British zone of Austria (1946-47); knighted 1946.

Steele, John H(ardy) (b. Jan. 4, 1789, Salisbury, N.C. - d. July 3, 1865, Peterborough, N.H.), governor of New Hampshire (1844-46).

N. Steele

Steele, Nickolas, foreign minister of Grenada (2013-14). He has also been minister of health and social security (2014- ) and international business (2016-20).

Steele, Robert W(illiamson) (b. Jan. 14, 1820, near Chillicothe, Ohio - d. Feb. 7, 1901, Colorado Springs, Colo.), provisional governor of Jefferson Territory (1859-61).

Steen, Johannes Wilhelm Christian (b. July 22, 1827, Christiania [now Oslo], Norway - d. April 1, 1906, Voss, Søndre Bergenhus amt [now in Vestland fylke], Norway), prime minister (1891-93, 1898-1902), finance minister (1891-93), and interior minister (1900-02) of Norway. He was also mayor of Tromsø (1857-59, 1860-62, 1864-65) and Stavanger (1872, 1874-77, 1879-83, 1885, 1890-91), president of the Storting (intermittently in 1881-88 and 1895-98), and minister of auditing (1898-1900).

Steen, Robert (Ashley) (b. Aug. 12, 1933 - d. May 10, 1979), mayor of Winnipeg (1977-79).

Steenberghe, Max(imilien Paul Léon) (b. May 2, 1899, Leiden, Netherlands - d. Jan. 22, 1972, Goirle, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands), acting finance minister of the Netherlands (1941). He was also minister of economic affairs (1934-35, 1937-39, 1939-40), trade, industry, and shipping (1937, 1940-41), and agriculture and fisheries (1937 [acting], 1941 [acting]).

Steenkamp, Piet, byname of Petrus Antonius Josephus Maria Steenkamp (b. March 8, 1925, Uithoorn, Noord-Holland, Netherlands - d. Jan. 8, 2016, Eindhoven, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands), Dutch politician. He was chairman of the First Chamber (1983-91).

Stefan, secular name Simeon (Ivanovich) Yavorsky (b. 1658, Jaworów, Poland [now Yavoriv, Lviv oblast, Ukraine] - d. Dec. 8 [Nov. 27, O.S.], 1722, Moscow, Russia), Locum Tenens (1701-21) and head of Synod (1721-22) of Moscow and All Russia. He was metropolitan of Ryazan (1700-22).

Stefanchuk, Ruslan (Oleksiyovych) (b. Oct. 29, 1975, Ternopol [Ternopil], Ukrainian S.S.R.), Ukrainian politician. He is chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (2021- ).

Stefanelli

Stefanelli, Lorella (b. Feb. 20, 1959, San Marino), captain-regent of San Marino (2015-16).

Stefanescu-Amza, Constantin ("Amza" added 1904) (b. July 23, 1875, Budesti, Calarasi county, Romania - d. Feb. 13, 1964, Bucharest, Romania), war minister of Romania (1931-32).

Stefani, Simon (b. Jan. 3, 1929, Përmet, Albania - d. Aug. 2, 2000), interior minister and a deputy premier of Albania (1989-90). He was also first secretary of the party committees of Përmet (1972-76) and Tiranë (1976-79) districts and chairman of the People's Assembly (1978-82).

Stefanich, Juan (b. May 3, 1889, Asunción, Paraguay - d. Feb. 9, 1975, Buenos Aires, Argentina), foreign minister of Paraguay (1936-37). He was also ambassador to Argentina (1946-47).

Stefanis, Alkiviadis (b. Oct. 7, 1959, Athens, Greece), defense minister of Greece (2023). He was also chief of the Army General Staff (2017-19).

Stefanov (Mateev), Ivan (b. March 3, 1899, Varna, Bulgaria - d. Oct. 11, 1980), finance minister of Bulgaria (1946-49). He was also administrator (1944-45) and governor (1945-46) of the Bulgarian National Bank.

Stefanov, Stefan (Georgiev) (b. July 6, 1876, Sliven, Ottoman Empire [now in Bulgaria] - d. March 25, 1946), finance minister of Bulgaria (1931-34).

Stefanovic, Nebojsa (b. Nov. 20, 1976, Belgrade, Serbia), interior minister (2014-20), a deputy prime minister (2016-22), and defense minister (2020-22) of Serbia. He was also president of the National Assembly (2012-14).

Stefanovic, Svetislav, byname Ceca (b. April 8, 1910, Kucevo, Serbia - d. Jan. 9, 1980, Belgrade, Serbia), interior minister of Yugoslavia (1953-63).

Stefanson

Stefanson, Heather (D.) (b. May 11, 1970, Winnipeg, Man.), premier of Manitoba (2021-23).

Stefánsson, Stefán Jóhann (b. July 20, 1894, Dagverdareyri, Iceland - d. Oct. 20, 1980, Reykjavík, Iceland), member of the Regency (1940-41), foreign minister (1941-42), and prime minister (1947-49) of Iceland. He was also chairman of the People's Party (1938-52), minister of social affairs (1939-42, 1947-49), and ambassador to Denmark and Ireland (1957-65) and Turkey (1958-65).

Steger, Norbert (b. March 6, 1944, Vienna, Germany [now in Austria]), vice chancellor of Austria (1983-87). He was also chairman of the Freedom Party (1980-86) and minister of trade and industry (1983-87).

Steichen, René (b. Nov. 27, 1942, Diekirch, Luxembourg), Luxembourg politician. He was mayor of Diekirch (1974-84), minister of agriculture, viticulture, and rural development (1989-92), and European commissioner for agriculture and rural development (1992-95).

Steiger, (Alfred Armand) Adolf von (b. July 25, 1859, Bern, Switzerland - d. March 1, 1925, Bern), federal chancellor of Switzerland (1919-25).

Steiger, (Adolf) Eduard von (b. July 2, 1881, Langnau im Emmental, Bern canton, Switzerland - d. Feb. 10, 1962, Bern), justice minister (1941-51) and president (1945, 1951) of Switzerland.

Steiger, Niklaus Friedrich von (b. May 17, 1729, Bern, Switzerland - d. Dec. 3, 1799, Augsburg, Bavaria [Germany]), Swiss statesman. Elected to the Small Council of Bern in 1774, he was elected Schultheiss (chief magistrate) of the canton in 1787, holding office in 1787-88, 1789-90, 1791-92, 1793-94, 1795-96, and 1797-98. He warned about the threat of revolutionary France and favoured resistance against French intrusions, but the prevailing sentiment in the country was to preserve peace. The French defeat of the Bernese at Grauholz (March 5, 1798) ensured the demise of the old confederation and led to the establishment of the Helvetic Republic under French protection. As he later said, he did not want to survive his fatherland and hoped to find an honourable death with the army. When this plan failed, he intended to organize resistance in the Bernese uplands, but gave up on this too and fled to Bavaria. There he was received by representatives from Prussia and Austria and was given financial support by English agents. Other Swiss émigrés associated with him, and when war broke out in 1799, a Swiss legion of about 600 men joined the Austrians against France; but after initial successes, the French victory near Zürich on September 25 forced a retreat.

Stein, (Heinrich Friedrich) Karl Freiherr vom und zum (b. Oct. 26, 1757, Nassau an der Lahn, Nassau [now in Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany] - d. June 29, 1831, Cappenberg castle, Prussia [now in Selm, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany]), Prussian statesman; grandson-in-law of George II. Born into a family of the imperial nobility, he entered the service of Prussia in 1780, first in the department of mines and factories, and became head of the Rhenish and Westphalian administrative districts in 1796. He was named minister with a broad economic portfolio in October 1804 and began far-reaching reforms. Dismissed in January 1807 for his attempts to increase the power of the heads of the ministries, he was recalled in October 1807 as minister of state after Prussia's defeat by the French, only to be dismissed again in November 1808 on the demand of Napoléon I. In his few years in office he abolished the last relics of serfdom, created peasant proprietors, extirpated monopolies and hindrances to free trade, promoted municipal government, and supported Gerhard von Scharnhorst in his schemes of army reform. He transformed Prussia into a modern state and enabled it to play its leading role in the eventual unification of Germany. After Napoléon declared him a public enemy (December 1808), he withdrew to Austria and in 1812 he went to St. Petersburg, becoming personal counselor to Emperor Aleksandr I and building up the coalition against Napoléon. He was president of the Central Administration Council (1813-15), a transitional body in the period between the dissolution of the Rhine Confederation and the formation of the German Confederation. His hopes for a united Germany were disappointed at the Congress of Vienna, and his role after 1815, when Prussia turned to reaction, was not prominent. In 1819 he laid the foundation for the Monumenta Germaniae Historica, an edition of national historical documents.

E. Stein

Stein Barillas, Eduardo (b. Oct. 20, 1945, Guatemala City, Guatemala), foreign minister (1996-2000) and vice president (2004-08) of Guatemala.

Steinberg, Karl-Hermann (b. June 22, 1941, Heiligenstadt [now Heilbad Heiligenstadt], Thüringen, Germany - d. Oct. 17, 2021), Landesbevollmächtigter of Sachsen-Anhalt (1990). He was also East German minister of environment, nature protection, energy, and reactor safety (1990).

Steinbrück

Steiner

Steinbrück, Peer (b. Jan. 10, 1947, Hamburg, Germany), minister-president of Nordrhein-Westfalen (2002-05) and finance minister of Germany (2005-09). He was the Social Democratic Party's chancellor candidate in 2013.

Steincke, Karl Kristian (Vilhelm) (b. Aug. 25, 1880, Viskinge, Denmark - d. April 8, 1963, Frederiksberg, Denmark), justice minister of Denmark (1924-26, 1935-39, 1950). He was also minister of social affairs (1929-35) and speaker of the Landsting (1948-50, 1951-52).

Steiner, Michael (b. Nov. 28, 1949, Munich, West Germany), administrator of Kosovo (2002-03). He was also German ambassador to the Czech Republic (1998), Italy and San Marino (2007-10), and India (2012-15).

Steinhauer, Ralph Garvin (b. June 8, 1905, Morley, N.W.T. [now in Alta.] - d. Sept. 19, 1987, Edmonton, Alta.), lieutenant governor of Alberta (1974-79).

Steinhoff, Fritz (b. Nov. 23, 1897, Wickede, Prussia [now in Nordrhein-Westfalen], Germany - d. Oct. 22, 1969, Hagen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, West Germany), minister-president of Nordrhein-Westfalen (1956-58).

Steinhoff, Janusz (Wojciech) (b. Sept. 24, 1946, Gliwice, Poland), a deputy prime minister of Poland (2000-01). He was also minister of economy (1997-2001).

Steinhoff, Karl, Karl also spelled Carl (b. Nov. 23, 1892, Herford, Prussia [now in Nordrhein-Westfalen], Germany - d. July 19, 1981, Wilhelmshorst, East Germany [now part of Michendorf, Brandenburg, Germany]), minister-president of Brandenburg (1945-49) and interior minister of East Germany (1949-52).

Steinitz, Yuval (b. April 10, 1958, Israel), finance minister of Israel (2009-13). He has also been minister of intelligence, international relations, and strategic affairs (2013-15), national infrastructure, energy, and water resources (2015-20), and energy (2020- ).

Steinmann, Peter Frederik (b. July 8, 1812, Copenhagen, Denmark - d. Feb. 16, 1894, Tybjerg, Denmark), war minister of Denmark (1874-75).

Steinmeier

Stelmach

Steinmeier, Frank-Walter (b. Jan. 5, 1956, Detmold, Nordrhein-Westfalen, West Germany), foreign minister (2005-09, 2013-17), vice chancellor (2007-09), and president (2017- ) of Germany. He was the Social Democratic Party's chancellor candidate in 2009.

Steinmetz, (Sebastian) Maurice, Luxembourg diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1961-64) and ambassador to the United States (1964-69).

Steinmetz, Pierre (b. Jan. 23, 1943, Sainte-Colombe, Rhône, France), prefect of Réunion (1995). He was also prefect of the French départements of Haute-Marne (1988-89), Pyrénées-Orientales (1992-93), Haute-Savoie (1993-94), Côte-d'Or (1997-98), and Vienne (1998-2000).

Stejskal, Jan (b. Nov. 7, 1933, Mokrosuky, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic] - d. July 12, 2013), finance minister of Czechoslovakia (1988-89). He was also chairman of the State Bank (1981-88).

Stelian, Toma (b. April 3, 1860, Craiova, Walachia [now in Romania] - d. Oct. 25, 1925, Bucharest, Romania), justice minister (1907-11) and war minister (1909) of Romania.

Stelle, John (Henry) (b. Aug. 8, 1891, McLeansboro, Ill. - d. July 5, 1962, St. Louis, Mo.), governor of Illinois (1940-41).

Stelmach, Ed(ward Michael) (b. May 11, 1951, Lamont, Alberta), premier of Alberta (2006-11).

Steltzer

Stelzer

Steltzer, Theodor (Hans Friedrich) (b. Dec. 17, 1885, Trittau, Schleswig-Holstein province, Prussia [now in Schleswig-Holstein Land], Germany - d. Oct. 27, 1967, Munich, West Germany), Oberpräsident (1945-46) and minister-president (1946-47) of Schleswig-Holstein.

Stelzer, Thomas (b. Feb. 21, 1967, Linz, Austria), Landeshauptmann of Oberösterreich (2017- ).

Stemann, Poul Christian (b. April 14, 1764, Copenhagen, Denmark - d. Nov. 25, 1855, Herlufsholm, near Copenhagen), minister of state of Denmark (1842-48). He was also justice minister (1827-48).

Stemerdink, Bram, byname of Abraham Stemerdink (b. March 6, 1936, Winterswijk, Gelderland, Netherlands), defense minister of the Netherlands (1976-77).

Stenbäck, Pär (Olav Mikael) (b. Aug. 12, 1941, Porvoo, Finland), foreign minister of Finland (1982-83). He was also education minister (1979-82).

Stenberg, Steno (Johannes) (b. June 26, 1870, Stockholm, Sweden - d. Nov. 1, 1940), justice minister of Sweden (1917).

Stenbock, Magnus greve (b. May 12, 1664, Stockholm, Sweden - d. [in captivity] Feb. 23, 1717, Frederikshavn fortress, Copenhagen, Denmark), governor-general of Skåne (1705-11).

Stengel, Hermann Freiherr von (b. July 19, 1837, Speyer, Bavaria [now in Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany] - d. May 4, 1919, Munich, Germany), finance minister of Germany (1903-08).

Stenhagen, Fredrik von (b. July 18, 1732, Stockholm, Sweden - d. May 24, 1816, Köping, Västmanland, Sweden), governor of Västerbotten (1782-89).

Stennis

Stennis, John C(ornelius) (b. Aug. 3, 1901, DeKalb, Miss. - d. April 23, 1995, Jackson, Miss.), U.S. politician. A Democrat, he was elected to the Mississippi legislature in 1928. He then served as a district attorney (1932-37) and circuit judge (1937-47) before winning the U.S. Senate seat left vacant by the death of Theodore G. Bilbo. The longtime senator (1947-89) wielded great power over military policy, serving as chairman of both the Armed Services Committee and the defense subcommittee of the Appropriations Committee in the 1970s. After becoming Armed Services chairman in 1969, he firmly supported Pres. Richard Nixon's requests to extend the Vietnam War. In the war's waning days, he co-sponsored the War Powers Act of 1973, which set limits on a president's power to commit American forces to combat without congressional consent. But a decade later, he opposed forcing Pres. Ronald Reagan to abide by the law in order to keep Marine peacekeepers in Lebanon. Although he never made racial issues his primary focus in the Senate, he did support segregation and was a staunch member of the Southern wing of his party. He condemned the Supreme Court's 1954 school desegregation decision and opposed virtually all civil rights legislation, although in 1983 he voted for an extension of the Voting Rights Act. Nicknamed the "conscience of the Senate" for his work on the Senate's ethics code, he was viewed by many as a symbol of integrity and was often selected to head sensitive inquiries. During the final years of his tenure he became a mentor to junior senators.

Stenroth, Otto (Eliel) (b. May 13, 1861, Saarijärvi, Finland - d. Dec. 16, 1939, Kirkkonummi, Finland), foreign minister of Finland (1918). He was also governor of the Bank of Finland (1918-23).

Stenström, (Carl) Jan (b. Dec. 9, 1906, Stockholm, Sweden - d. Dec. 19, 1991), Swedish diplomat; son of Karl Stenström. He was minister to Portugal (1953-55) and Brazil (1955-56) and ambassador to Brazil (1956-60), Turkey (1964-68), and Spain (1969-72).

Stenström, Karl (Johan) (b. Dec. 14, 1869, Lerbäck, Örebro, Sweden - d. July 21, 1933, Stockholm, Sweden), governor of Västernorrland (1918-31).

Stepanenko, Dmitry (Aleksandrovich) (b. March 8, 1976, Klintsy, Bryansk oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the government of Yaroslavl oblast (2016-21).

Stepanenko, Ion (Lukich) (b. 1895, Yeysk, Kuban oblast [now in Krasnodar kray], Russia - d. 1965, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Yakut A.S.S.R. (1939-43).

P. Stepanov

Stepanov, Pyotr (Petrovich) (b. Jan. 2, 1959, Sankino village, Chuvash A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), prime minister of Transnistria (2012-13).

Stepanov, Vasily (Aleksandrovich) (b. 1872, Tiflis, Russia [now Tbilisi, Georgia] - d. Aug. 29, 1920, aboard ship en route from Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey], to Marseille, France), acting commerce and industry minister of Russia (1917). He was also a member of the State Duma (1907-17).

Stepanov, Viktor (Nikolayevich) (b. Jan. 27, 1947), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1989-90), chairman of the Supreme Council (1990-94), and chairman of the government (1994-98) of Karelia.

Stepanov, Vladimir (Sevastyanovich) (b. March 21, 1927, Kavgora, Karelian A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R. - d. June 14, 2022), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Karelian A.S.S.R. (1984-89). He was also Soviet ambassador to Finland (1973-79) and first deputy premier of the Karelian A.S.S.R. (1979-84).

Stepashin

Stepashin, Sergey (Vadimovich) (b. March 2, 1952, at the then Soviet military base of Port Arthur, China), prime minister of Russia (1999). He joined the Interior Ministry troops in 1973 as "politrabotnik" - a member of the Communist Party watchdog corps in Soviet power structures. Under the perestroika reforms started by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, he ran for parliament, where he joined the liberal camp. He spent some time in the Supreme Soviet as the head of its security committee before establishing himself in the security service, which changed names several times during his stay. He was one of the few security ministry officials left in place after an abortive attempt by the parliament to depose Pres. Boris Yeltsin in 1993. In March 1994 he became the head of the new Federal Security Service (FSB). In his most prominent role, Stepashin was a loyal hawk during the catastrophic war in breakaway Chechnya. He resigned after a bloody Chechen hostage-taking raid on the southern Russian town of Budyonnovsk in June 1995. He later made a quiet comeback as a Kremlin aide, taking part in negotiations with the Chechens. In 1997 Yeltsin gave him a second chance, appointing him justice minister. Stepashin oversaw the transfer of Russia's notoriously overcrowded prisons from the Interior Ministry and pledged to bring prison conditions up to European standards. Yeltsin appointed Stepashin interior minister in March 1998. Stepashin again had to face problems over Chechnya; Chechen criminal gangs living off hostage-taking kidnapped senior Russian officials, foreigners, and ordinary Russians in and around the turbulent region. In 1999 Yeltsin elevated him to the post of first deputy prime minister, and soon afterwards to prime minister, but he lasted only three months. He was chairman of the Audit Chamber in 2000-13.

Stephan, Léopold François (b. Oct. 14, 1815, Brest, France - d. ...), acting governor of Senegal (1861).

K. Stephanopoulos

Stephanopoulos, Kostis, byname of Konstantinos (Dimitriou) Stephanopoulos (b. Aug. 15, 1926, Patras, Greece - d. Nov. 20, 2016, Athens, Greece), president of Greece (1995-2005). He first entered parliament in 1964 with the conservative National Radical Union. During the 1967-74 military dictatorship, the lawyer defended students accused of anti-government activities. Later he was a member of the New Democracy party and served as minister of interior (1974-76) and social services (1976-77) and minister to the presidency of the government (1977-81) in New Democracy governments. He deserted the party in 1985 after losing a leadership contest and formed a splinter group called Democratic Renewal. Support for that party sank, and it eventually disbanded in 1994. But he remained a respected figure and was elected president in 1995. On Feb. 8, 2000, the Greek parliament overwhelmingly voted to reelect Stephanopoulos, granting the man who was probably Greece's most popular politician a second five-year term. He became the first president to be elected to two consecutive terms since the collapse of the dictatorship in 1974. Both the governing Socialists and opposition conservatives voted to return him to the largely symbolic office. He received 269 votes in the 300-member unicameral parliament - the largest number any president has captured in a presidential election since the dictatorship. Stephanopoulos had seen his approval rating rise above 70% in opinions polls.

Stephanopoulos, Stephanos (Christou) (b. 1898, Pyrgos, Greece - d. Oct. 4, 1982, Athens, Greece), prime minister of Greece (1965-66). He joined parliament in 1930 as a deputy for the Populist Party. He was minister of economy (1934-35), transport (1944-45), finance (1946), labour (provisional, 1946), supply (provisional, 1946), coordination (1946-47, 1947, 1947-50, 1950, 1964-65), foreign affairs (1952-55 and [acting] 1966), a deputy prime minister (1954-55, 1963, 1964-65), and a minister without portfolio (1963, 1964). He took part in the resistance to German occupation during World War II. In 1951 he defected from the People's Party and helped set up a right-wing splinter party which soon merged into Alexandros Papagos's Greek Rally; when this won the 1952 elections, he became foreign minister. In 1961 he helped form the Centre Union Party under Georgios Papandreou but defected in 1965 to become prime minister. His government was never stable and eventually fell in a deteriorating political situation that culminated in a 1967 military coup. After the return of democracy Stephanopoulos set up the right-wing National Rally, but he failed to win reelection in 1977 and the party collapsed.

Stephen, Sir Alfred (b. Aug. 20, 1802, Basseterre, St. Kitts - d. Oct. 15, 1894, Sydney, N.S.W.), acting governor of New South Wales (1872, 1879, 1885, 1890-91); knighted 1846. He was chief justice (1844-73) and lieutenant governor (1875-91).

M. Stephen

Stephen, Marcus (Ajemada) (b. Oct. 1, 1969), president of Nauru (2007-11). A former professional weightlifter and Olympian who won seven Commonwealth Games gold medals, he was elected to parliament in 2003. He has also been minister of finance (2003), education (2003), island development and industry (2004), and commerce, industry, and environment (2012-13) and speaker of parliament (2019- ).

N. Stephen

Stephen, Sir Ninian (Martin) (b. June 15, 1923, near Oxford, England - d. Oct. 29, 2017, Melbourne, Vic.), governor-general of Australia (1982-89). During World War II he served in the Australian Army (1941-46). A queen's counsel from 1966, he was appointed a judge of the Victoria Supreme Court in 1970 and elevated in 1972 to the Australian High Court bench. He was knighted in 1972. Stephen's hopes that his appointment as governor-general would be untainted by public controversy were soon dashed. Since Sir John Kerr sacked Gough Whitlam's Australian Labor Party administration in 1975, the governor-general had been regarded as fair game for journalists. Stephen was quickly confronted by a press demanding to know why his daughter had been arrested, while working as a journalist for the Communist newspaper Tribune, during Aboriginal land rights demonstrations at the time of the 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane. After leaving the post, he served in various international roles. He chaired the second phase of the Northern Ireland peace talks in 1992, was a judge for the International Criminal Tribunal investigating war crimes in the former Yugoslavia, advised on South Africa's constitution, worked for the International Labour Organization in Myanmar, was involved in setting up a tribunal to hear cases involving atrocities committed by the Cambodian Khmer Rouge regime of 1975-79, and helped draft a constitution for Afghanistan after the 2001 ouster of the Taliban.

Stephens, Alexander H(amilton) (b. Feb. 11, 1812, near Washington, Ga. - d. March 4, 1883, Atlanta, Ga.), vice president of the Confederate States of America (1861-65) and governor of Georgia (1882-83).

Stephens, Tan Sri Benedict (b. July 3, 1926, Kudat, North Borneo [now Sabah, Malaysia] - d. Sept. 4, 2003, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia), Malaysian politician; brother of Tun Mohd Fuad Stephens. He was president of the Dewan Negara (1985-88). He was awarded the title Tan Sri in 1982.

Stephens, George Washington (b. Aug. 3, 1866, Montreal, Canada East [now Que.] - d. Feb. 6, 1942, Los Angeles, Calif.), president of the Commission of Government of the Saarbecken (1926-27).

Stephens, Lon V., byname of Lawrence Vest Stephens (b. Dec. 21, 1858, Boonville, Mo. - d. Jan. 10, 1923, St. Louis, Mo.), governor of Missouri (1897-1901).

Stephens, Michael (Leslie), acting administrator of Norfolk Island (2003).

Stephens, Tun (Haji) Moh(ama)d Fuad, original name (before conversion to Islam Jan. 5, 1971) Donald (Aloysius Marmaduke) Stephens (b. Sept. 14, 1920, Kudat, North Borneo [now Sabah, Malaysia] - d. [plane crash] June 6, 1976, off Sembulan, near Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia), chief minister (1963-64, 1976) and head of state (1973-75) of Sabah. He was also Malaysian high commissioner to Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji (1968-73). He was awarded the titles Tan Sri in 1970 and Tun in 1975.

Stephens, Robert Porritt (b. Feb. 20, 1905, Laingsburg, Cape Colony [now in Western Cape, South Africa] - d. Dec. 13, 2001, Eswatini), finance minister of Swaziland (1972-79).

Stephens, Stan(ley Graham) (b. Sept. 16, 1929, Calgary, Alta. - d. April 3, 2021, Kalispell, Mont.), governor of Montana (1989-93).

Stephens, William D(ennison) (b. Dec. 26, 1859, Eaton, Ohio - d. April 24, 1944, Los Angeles, Calif.), governor of California (1917-23).

Stephenson, Sir Hugh (Lansdown) (b. April 8, 1871, London, England - d. Sept. 6, 1941, Oxted, England), governor of Bihar and Orissa (1927-32) and of Burma (1932-36); knighted 1924.

Stephenson, Sir Hugh (Southern) (b. Nov. 29, 1906 - d. Sept. 23, 1972, London, England), British high commissioner for Southern Africa (1963-64); knighted 1956; son of Sir Hugh (Lansdown) Stephenson. He was ambassador to South Vietnam (1954-57) and South Africa (1963-66).

Stepovich, Michael A(nthony), byname Mike Stepovich (b. March 12, 1919, Fairbanks, Alaska - d. Feb. 14, 2014, San Diego, Calif.), governor of Alaska (1957-58). He resigned in 1958 to run in Alaska's first contest for U.S. Senate. After a spirited uphill campaign, he lost to Ernest Gruening by a small margin. He was the Republican nominee for governor in 1962, narrowly losing to William E. Egan. He vied for the office again in 1966 but was defeated in the primary by Walter J. Hickel.

Ster, Andrej (b. June 12, 1958, Kranj, Slovenia), interior minister of Slovenia (1994-97).

Sterbet, Valeria (b. Nov. 15, 1946, Miciurin, Moldavian S.S.R.), justice minister of Moldova (1999-2001). She was also president of the Supreme Court of Justice (2001-07).

Sterling, Ross (Shaw) (b. Feb. 11, 1875, Anahuac, Texas - d. March 25, 1949, Fort Worth, Texas), governor of Texas (1931-33).

Sterndale, Robert Armitage (b. June 30, 1839 - d. Oct. 3, 1902), governor of Saint Helena (1897-1902).

Sterniuk, Volodymyr (b. Feb. 12, 1907, Pustomyty, near Lvov [now Lviv], Russia [now in Ukraine] - d. Sept. 29, 1997, Lviv), locum tenens of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (1972-91). He was ordained a priest in 1931. During World War II he served parishes in the Ternopil and Stanislaviv regions (today Ivano-Frankivsk). The church was outlawed in 1946 and absorbed by the Russian Orthodox Church in what today is commonly referred to as an illegal synod of bishops. In the months after the church was banned, he and thousands of other clergy and faithful were arrested and imprisoned or exiled. He spent five years imprisoned in Arkhangelsk region near the Siberian city of Yertsevo, after which he returned to Pustomyty. There he worked at various menial jobs, including watchman, sanitation worker, and medic, all the while maintaining his status as a clergyman in the underground church. He was secretly consecrated a bishop in 1967 by Archbishop Vasyl Velychkovsky. In 1972 the exiled metropolitan Josyf Cardinal Slipy appointed him locum tenens (one who maintains the position) and senior bishop of the Kyiv-Halych Metropolis - in fact naming him the guardian of the underground church that survived the massive Soviet arrests of clergy and laity, a position he maintained until 1991, when the leader of the church, Myroslav Ivan Cardinal Lubachivsky, returned to officially take his seat in Lviv.

Sterry, Sir Wasey (b. July 26, 1866, Stockland, Devon, England - d. Aug. 9, 1955, Windsor, Berkshire, England), acting governor-general of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1924-25); knighted 1925.

Sterte, (Per) Johan (b. May 29, 1959, Sollentuna, Stockholm county, Sweden), governor of Västmanland (2022- ).

Stettinius

Stettinius, Edward (Reilly, Jr.) (b. Oct. 22, 1900, Chicago, Ill. - d. Oct. 31, 1949, Greenwich, Conn.), U.S. secretary of state (1944-45). Having been a vice president of General Motors and chairman of the board of U.S. Steel, he entered government service in 1939 as chairman of the War Resources Board, chaired the National Defense Advisory Commission in 1940, became director of priorities at the Office of Production Management in 1941, and later that year replaced Harry Hopkins as lend-lease administrator. In 1943 Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Stettinius undersecretary of state, and the next year he succeeded the ailing Cordell Hull as full secretary of the department. At 44 he was one of the youngest persons ever to have held this position. He dealt effectively with the administrative functions of his post and soundly implemented, but played only a minor role in formulating, Roosevelt's foreign-policy decisions. He was, however, one of Roosevelt's chief advisers at the 1945 Yalta Conference. A firm believer in a postwar international organization, he played a principal role in the Dumbarton Oaks meetings of 1944 that laid the groundwork for the United Nations and in 1945 he headed the U.S. delegation to the San Francisco Conference, which drafted the UN Charter. Two months after Roosevelt's death, Pres. Harry S. Truman appointed James F. Byrnes as secretary of state to replace Stettinius, who then became the first U.S. delegate to the UN (1945-46).

Steunenberg, Frank (b. Aug. 8, 1861, Keokuk, Iowa - d. [bomb attack] Dec. 30, 1905, Caldwell, Idaho), governor of Idaho (1897-1901).

Steur, Ard van der, byname of Gerard Adriaan van der Steur (b. Oct. 7, 1969, Haarlem, Netherlands), security and justice minister of the Netherlands (2015-17).

Stevanovic, Nemanja, Serbian diplomat. He has been permanent representative to the United Nations (2021- ).

Steven, Davis (Madava) (b. Nov. 19, 1969), deputy prime minister of Papua New Guinea (2019-20). He was also minister of civil aviation (2012-17), justice (2017-20), and labour and industrial relations, agriculture and livestock, and lands and physical planning (2019).

Steven Iatika, Morkin (b. 1965? - d. April 19, 2016, Vila, Vanuatu), finance minister of Vanuatu (1999-2001). He was also minister of ni-Vanuatu business (2004), health (2004-08, 2015-16), and youth and sports (2010-11, 2011, 2011-12).

Stevens, Sir Charles Cecil (b. July 5, 1840 - d. March 24, 1909), acting lieutenant governor of Bengal (1897); knighted 1899.

Stevens, Henry Herbert, byname Harry Stevens (b. Dec. 8, 1878, Bristol, England - d. June 14, 1973, Vancouver, B.C.), acting interior minister of Canada (1926). He was also minister of trade and commerce (1921, 1926 [acting], 1930-34), mines and agriculture (acting, 1926), and customs and excise (1926).

Stevens, Isaac I(ngalls) (b. March 25, 1818, near Andover, Mass. - d. [in civil war] Sept. 1, 1862, Chantilly, Va.), governor of Washington (1853-57).

Stevens, (Moli) Jimmy (Tubou Patuntun) (b. June 15, 1927 - d. Feb. 28, 1994, Fanafo, Vanuatu), New Hebrides (Vanuatu) rebel leader. Born of mixed European-Islander descent, he had the ability to articulate the grievances of ordinary villagers. In the early 1960s he joined a small group of Espíritu Santo islanders opposing the encroachment of a cattle industry into "dark bush land." They called their movement Nagriamel (after two plants, nagaria and namele), and by 1970 it had a large following (he claimed 10,000). It rejected colonial control over New Hebridean land, championed "custom," and repudiated many of the highly suspect land sales of the early colonial period. In the 1970s the anticolonial initiative passed from Stevens to the Vanua'aku Party under Walter Lini. Stevens found himself heading a regional movement that was increasingly allied with pro-French and pro-settler groups opposed to decolonization and to the anglophone groups that dominated the new government. He was encouraged (and funded) by them and also by U.S. business interests that had invested heavily and speculatively in land. For example, the Phoenix Foundation, a group of libertarian U.S. businessmen hoping for a tax haven and a free hand in commercial development, backed Stevens and provided a constitution for his Vemarana (after a traditional Santo name) secessionist government launched on the eve of Vanuatu's independence (1980). French settlers imported arms through New Caledonia and drilled Stevens's force of bow-and-arrow-wielding tribesmen. But within a month of independence, Fanafo village, his headquarters, fell to Papua New Guinea troops called in by the new Vanuatu government. He was arrested and put on trial and on November 21 was sentenced to 14½ years' imprisonment. He was released in 1991.

R.L. Stevens

Stevens, Roger L(acey) (b. March 12, 1910, Detroit, Mich. - d. Feb. 2, 1998, Washington, D.C.), chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts (1965-69).

Stevens, Samuel, Jr. (b. July 13, 1778, Talbot county, Md. - d. Feb. 7, 1860, near Trappe, Talbot county), governor of Maryland (1822-26).

S. Stevens

Stevens, Siaka (Probyn) (b. Aug. 24, 1905, Moyamba, Sierra Leone - d. May 29, 1988, Freetown, Sierra Leone), prime minister (1967, 1968-71) and president (1971-85) of Sierra Leone. He helped to found the United Mineworkers Union in 1943 and served as its general secretary for 15 years. In 1951 he was elected to the Protectorate Assembly, representing the Sierra Leone People's Party, and after the granting of internal self-government in 1952 he became minister of lands, mines, and labour. After serving as secretary-general and deputy leader of the breakaway People's National Party (1958-60), he formed the All People's Congress (APC). After independence in April 1961 he led the parliamentary opposition and also served as mayor of Freetown (1964-66). The APC won the 1967 election, but he was overthrown in a military coup only minutes after being sworn in as prime minister. He was recalled from exile in Guinea after another coup 13 months later. He survived coup attempts in October 1970 and March 1971 and requested troops from Guinea to quell the protests surrounding his installation as president in April 1971, when Sierra Leone became a republic. After being returned for a new term of office in 1976, he won support for his plan to turn Sierra Leone into a one-party state, for which the necessary legislation was passed in 1978. He presided over the Organization of African Unity's summit meeting in Freetown in July 1980 and was elected OAU chairman for 1980-81. He survived in office despite a burdensome national debt and charges of gross mismanagement and governmental corruption. He voluntarily relinquished power in 1985 in favour of his hand-picked successor, Joseph Saidu Momoh, but in 1987 he was put under house arrest for alleged involvement in a coup plot.

Stevens, Thaddeus (b. April 4, 1792, Danville, Vt. - d. Aug. 11, 1868, Washington, D.C.), U.S. politician. He first achieved political prominence as an Anti-Mason and in 1833-42 served intermittently in the Pennsylvania legislature. An aggressive, uncompromising man possessing a formidable, sardonic wit, he helped defeat a bill abolishing the state's public school system and was a vigorous proponent of a protective tariff. He became a dominant member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1849-53, 1859-68). A Whig in his first two terms, he quit in disgust at the party's moderate stand on the slavery issue. Returning as a Republican in 1859, he became chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means. He secured huge appropriations for the Union forces during the Civil War (1861-65). A firm believer in equality, he was a leader of the Radical Republicans during Reconstruction, arguing that Pres. Andrew Johnson's policies were too moderate and that the Southern states should be seen as "conquered provinces." He proposed the Fourteenth Amendment and sponsored Reconstruction measures which used military rule to guarantee black suffrage in the South. He also introduced the resolution to impeach Johnson in 1868. However, his plan for the confiscation of southern plantations to be divided among freedmen failed to gain congressional support.

Stevenson (1835-1914)

Stevenson, Adlai E(wing) (b. Oct. 23, 1835, Christian county, Ky. - d. June 14, 1914, Chicago, Ill.), vice president of the United States (1893-97); cousin of Charles C. and Edward A. Stevenson. Present at the historic Lincoln-Douglas debates during the Illinois senatorial campaign of 1858, he was stimulated to get involved in politics and was appointed to his first public office as a master in chancery (an aide in a court of equity) in 1860. In 1864 he was elected district attorney. Serving two terms in the U.S. House of Representatives (1875-77, 1879-81), he stood for low tariffs and a soft-money policy; he also took a conspicuous part in the congressional debate protesting the manner of settlement in the disputed presidential election of 1876. During Grover Cleveland's first term as president (1885-89), Stevenson served as first assistant postmaster general and was entrusted with the task of removing some 40,000 Republican postmasters and replacing them with Democrats. Upon Cleveland's renomination in 1892, Stevenson was selected as vice presidential candidate. After leaving office in 1897, he was sent to Europe by Pres. William McKinley as member of a commission which sought in vain to promote international bimetallism. He was again nominated for vice president on the ticket with William Jennings Bryan in 1900, and was also unsuccessful as the Democratic candidate for governor of Illinois in 1908.

Stevenson (1900-1965)

Stevenson, Adlai E(wing) (b. Feb. 5, 1900, Los Angeles, Calif. - d. July 14, 1965, London, England), U.S. politician; grandson of Adlai E. Stevenson (1835-1914). He began his political career as a special counsel to the Agricultural Adjustment Administration in the 1930s. He headed the Civil Rights Committee of the Chicago Bar Association, battled isolationism as a leader in the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies, and in 1941-44 was special assistant to the U.S. secretary of the navy. In 1945 he became assistant to the secretary of state and participated in the San Francisco Conference that founded the United Nations. He then became a U.S. delegate at the UN General Assembly (1946-47). In 1948 he was elected governor of Illinois by a sweeping majority, but this remained his only victory at the polls. His distinguished record as governor aroused interest in him as a Democratic presidential candidate. Although he preferred to serve a second term as governor, he was drafted by the Democratic National Convention in 1952. He then waged a vigorous campaign, but with his earnest speeches, which avoided offering easy solutions to problems, he could not overcome the personal appeal of his Republican opponent, wartime hero Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower. In 1956 he was again his party's nominee and was again defeated by Eisenhower. He nevertheless was admired by many and remembered for his eloquence and wit (one story goes that, when a woman called out to him "You have the vote of every thinking person," he replied: "That's not enough, madam, we need a majority!"). He did not rule out accepting the Democratic nomination a third time in 1960, but it went to John F. Kennedy. Kennedy won the election, and in 1961 Stevenson became U.S. ambassador to the UN, with cabinet rank; he served until his death.

Stevenson (1930-2021)

Stevenson, Adlai E(wing), III (b. Oct. 10, 1930, Chicago, Ill. - d. Sept. 6, 2021, Chicago), U.S. politician; son of Adlai E. Stevenson (1900-1965). The Democrat served in the Illinois state legislature (1965-67) and as state treasurer (1967-70). He was U.S. senator from Illinois (1970-81), being first elected to fill the unexpired term caused by the death of Sen. Everett Dirksen and reelected in 1974, but not running for reelection in 1980. He was an unsuccessful candidate for governor of Illinois in 1982 and 1986.

Stevenson, Andrew (b. March 23, 1784, St. Mark's parish, Culpeper county, Va. - d. Jan. 18, 1857, Blenheim estate, Albemarle county, Va.), speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (1827-34). He was also minister to the United Kingdom (1836-41).

Stevenson, Charles C(lark) (b. Feb. 20, 1826, Phelps, Ontario county, N.Y. - d. Sept. 21, 1890, Carson City, Nev.), governor of Nevada (1887-90).

Stevenson, Coke R(obert) (b. March 20, 1888, Mason county, Texas - d. June 28, 1975, San Angelo, Texas), governor of Texas (1941-47).

Stevenson, Edward A(ugustus) (b. June 15, 1831, Lowville, N.Y. - d. [suicide] July 6, 1895, Paraiso Springs, Calif.), governor of Idaho (1885-89); brother of Charles C. Stevenson.

Stevenson, Sir Hubert Craddock (b. January 1888 - d. June 13, 1971), governor of Sierra Leone (1941-47); knighted 1941.

Stevenson, John W(hite) (b. May 4, 1812, Richmond, Va. - d. Aug. 10, 1886, Covington, Ky.), governor of Kentucky (1867-71); son of Andrew Stevenson.

Stevenson, Sir Malcolm (b. March 25, 1878, Lisburn, Ireland [now in Northern Ireland] - d. Nov. 27, 1927), high commissioner (1918-25) and governor (1925-26) of Cyprus and governor of Seychelles (1927); knighted 1923.

Stevenson, William E(dwards) (b. Oct. 25, 1900, Chicago, Ill. - d. April 3, 1985, Fort Myers, Fla.), U.S. diplomat. He was ambassador to the Philippines (1962-64).

Stevenson, William E(rskine) (b. March 18, 1820, Warren, Pa. - d. Nov. 29, 1883, Parkersburg, W.Va.), governor of West Virginia (1869-71).

Steward, David (Whitefoord), byname Dave Steward (b. May 23, 1945, Nairobi, Kenya), South African diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1981-82).

Steward, Vernon Rudston Whitefoord (b. April 10, 1931, Empangeni, Natal [now KwaZulu-Natal], South Africa), South African diplomat. He was ambassador to Italy (1982-87) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1991-95).

Stewart, Andrew Charles (b. April 22, 1907 - d. Jan. 1, 1979), British political agent and consul in Muscat and Oman (1945-47, 1947-48). He was also minister to South Korea (1954-56) and ambassador to Iceland (1959-61).

Stewart, Charles (A.) (b. Aug. 26, 1868, Strabane, Ont. - d. Dec. 6, 1946, Ottawa, Ont.), premier of Alberta (1917-21) and interior minister of Canada (1921-26, 1926-30). He was also superintendent-general of Indian affairs (1921-26, 1926-30), minister of mines (1921-26, 1926-30), and acting minister of immigration and colonization (1922-23, 1925-26, 1929-30).

Stewart, Christine (Susan), née Leishman (b. Jan. 3, 1941, Hamilton, Ont. - d. April 25, 2015), environment minister of Canada (1997-99).

Stewart, David (b. 1772 - d. Dec. 18, 1829, Saint Lucia), governor of Saint Lucia (1829).

Stewart, Sir Donald Martin, (1st) Baronet (b. March 1, 1824, near Forres, Moray, Scotland - d. March 26, 1900, Algiers, Algeria), acting superintendent (1872) and chief commissioner (1872-75) of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. He was knighted in 1879, created baronet in 1881, and made a field marshal in 1894.

Stewart, Sir Donald William (b. May 22, 1860 - d. Oct. 1, 1905), commissioner of the British East Africa Protectorate (1904-05); knighted 1902.

Stewart, Douglas Roy (b. 1886 - d. Feb. 2, 1939, Basseterre, Saint Christopher), administrator of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla (1931-39).

Stewart, Duncan George (b. Oct. 22, 1904, Witkleifontein, Transvaal [now in South Africa] - d. Dec. 10, 1949, Singapore), governor of Sarawak (1949). He died as a consequence of a stabbing attack made on him on Dec. 3, 1949, by two Malays at Sibu, Sarawak.

Stewart, Henry Cockburn (b. July 21, 1844 - d. June 5, 1899), administrator of the Seychelles (1895-99).

Stewart, Hugh (b. Nov. 5, 1872 - d. June 26, 1931), British political agent and consul in Muscat and Oman (1915-16, 1916) and political agent in Bahrain (1916).

Stewart, Sir James Marshall (b. Aug. 9, 1861 - d. July 20, 1943), political resident of Aden (1916-21); knighted 1919.

Stewart, John W(olcott) (b. Nov. 24, 1825, Middlebury, Vt. - d. Oct. 29, 1915, Middlebury), governor of Vermont (1870-72).

Stewart, Sir (John Henry) Keith (b. Aug. 31, 1872, India - d. May 30, 1955, Wigtownshire, Scotland), political resident of Aden (1925-28); knighted 1927.

Stewart, Robert M(arcellus) (b. March 12, 1815, Truxton, N.Y. - d. Sept. 21, 1871, St. Joseph, Mo.), governor of Missouri (1857-61).

Stewart, Sir Robert Macgregor (b. 1842 - d. Oct. 22, 1919), governor of Bermuda (1904-07); knighted 1902.

Stewart, Sam(uel) V(ernon) (b. Aug. 2, 1872, Monroe county, Ohio - d. Sept. 15, 1939, Helena, Mont.), governor of Montana (1913-21).

Stewart, Sir Thomas Alexander (b. Feb. 26, 1888 - d. May 11, 1964), governor of Bihar (1939-43); knighted 1937.

Stewart, William Downie (b. July 29, 1878, Dunedin, N.Z. - d. Sept. 29, 1949, Dunedin), finance minister of New Zealand (1926-28, 1931-33). He was also mayor of Dunedin (1913-14), minister of internal affairs (1921-23), customs (1921-28, 1931-33), and industries and commerce (1923-26) and attorney-general (1926, 1931-33).

Stewart of Fulham, (Robert) Michael (Maitland) Stewart, Baron (b. Nov. 6, 1906, London, England - d. March 10, 1990, London), British foreign secretary (1965-66, 1968-70). One of the Labour Party's most dependable members, he was first elected to Parliament in 1945, and two years later he was named under secretary of state for war. After the 1951 general election he served as party spokesman on education and housing issues, and in 1964 he returned to the cabinet as education secretary. The next year he was Prime Minister Harold Wilson's surprise choice as foreign secretary. Stewart actively sought a negotiated peaceful solution to the Vietnam war, but he resisted efforts by the Labour Party's left wing to unequivocally denounce U.S. involvement in that conflict. Stewart also provoked criticism for his support of Nigeria during the Biafran secession (1967-70). As economics secretary (1966-67) he was embroiled in controversy over the Wilson government's price and incomes policy. Although Stewart failed to gain a place in the Labour shadow cabinet after the 1970 election, he led the first Labour delegation to the European Parliament (1975-76). He was made a Companion of Honour in 1969 and was created a life peer in 1979.

Steyer, Tom, byname of Thomas Fahr Steyer (b. June 27, 1957, New York City), U.S. politician. A business executive, he was a candidate for the 2020 Democratic presidential nomination.

Steyn, Lucas Cornelius (b. Dec. 21, 1903, Geluksdam [near present Viljoenskroon], Orange River Colony [now Free State, South Africa] - d. July 28, 1976, Pretoria, South Africa), acting governor-general of South Africa (1959-60, 1961). He was chief justice (1959-71).

Steyn, Marthinus T(heunis), byname Tienie Steyn (b. Nov. 5, 1920, Bloemfontein, South Africa - d. April 14, 1998, Onze Rust farm, near Bloemfontein), administrator-general of South West Africa (1977-79); grandson of Marthinus Theunis Steyn.

Steyn, Marthinus Theunis (b. Oct. 2, 1857, Rietfontein, Orange Free State [now Free State, South Africa] - d. Nov. 28, 1916, Bloemfontein, South Africa), state president of the Orange Free State (1896-1902).

Steyrer, Kurt (b. June 3, 1920, Linz, Austria - d. July 16, 2007, Vienna, Austria), health and environment minister of Austria (1981-85). He was a presidential candidate in 1986.

Stich

Stier

Stich, Otto (Anton) (b. Jan. 10, 1927, Dornach, Solothurn, Switzerland - d. Sept. 13, 2012, Dornach), finance minister (1984-95) and president (1988, 1994) of Switzerland.

Stickney, William W(allace) (b. March 21, 1853, Plymouth, Vt. - d. Dec. 15, 1932, Sarasota, Fla.), governor of Vermont (1900-02); cousin of Calvin Coolidge.

Stier, Davor Ivo (b. Jan. 6, 1972, Buenos Aires, Argentina), foreign minister and a deputy prime minister of Croatia (2016-17).

Stierncrantz, Per friherre (b. Nov. 4, 1681 - d. April 30, 1737, Helsingfors [now Helsinki], Finland), governor of Nyland och Tavastehus (1719-37). He was made friherre (baron) in 1720.

Stierneld, Gustaf Nils Algernon Adolph friherre (b. July 12, 1791, Stockholm, Sweden - d. Nov. 14, 1868, Stockholm), prime minister for foreign affairs of Sweden (1838-42, 1848-56). He was also chargé d'affaires in the Netherlands (1814-18) and minister to the United Kingdom (1818-27).

Stiernstedt, Carl Johan friherre (b. Sept. 29, 1686, Viborg, Finland [now Vyborg, Russia] - d. Nov. 20, 1753, Stockholm, Sweden), governor of Nyslott och Kymmenegård (1741-46); son of Johan friherre Stiernstedt.

Stiernstedt, Johan friherre, original name Johan Thesleff (b. Nov. 1, 1653, Viborg, Finland [now Vyborg, Russia] - d. Feb. 7, 1722, Åbo [now Turku], Finland), governor of Österbotten (acting, 1706) and Åbo och Björneborg (1714-22). He was ennobled under the name Stiernstedt in 1697 and made friherre (baron) in 1719.

Stiglic, Sanja (b. March 10, 1970, Kranj, Slovenia), Slovenian diplomat. She was permanent representative to the United Nations (2007-12) and president of the UNICEF Executive Board (2011).

Stikker

Stikker, Dirk Uipko (b. Feb. 5, 1897, Winschoten, Netherlands - d. Dec. 24, 1979, Wassenaar, Netherlands), Dutch politician and secretary-general of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1961-64). In 1946 he was a founder of the liberal Party of Freedom, later known as the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). As Dutch foreign minister (1948-52), he was a signatory of the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949. From 1950 to 1952 he was chairman of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, and from 1952 to 1958 he was ambassador to Britain. He was the Netherlands' permanent representative on the North Atlantic Council from 1958 until his appointment as NATO secretary-general in 1961. His conciliatory role did much to preserve the alliance during a critical period.

Stilwell, Joseph W(arren) (b. March 19, 1883, Palatka, Fla. - d. Oct. 12, 1946, San Francisco, Calif.), military governor of Okinawa (1945).

H.L. Stimson

Stimson, Henry L(ewis) (b. Sept. 21, 1867, New York City - d. Oct. 20, 1950, Huntington, Long Island, N.Y.), U.S. statesman. He ran unsuccessfully on the Republican ticket for governor of New York in 1910 and was secretary of war (1911-13) in the cabinet of Pres. William Howard Taft. Though 49 years old, he fought briefly in France as a field artillery officer during World War I. In 1927 Pres. Calvin Coolidge named him special commissioner to Nicaragua, where he successfully mediated a truce between contending factions. In 1928-29 he served as governor-general of the Philippines. As secretary of state under Pres. Herbert Hoover (1929-33), he formulated, after the Japanese occupation of Manchuria (1931), what became known as the Stimson Doctrine, a policy of non-recognition of territorial changes brought about by force. He served as liaison man between retiring President Hoover and President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt during the final days of the Hoover administration. He became more of an interventionist and in the early phase of World War II was a leading member of the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies. Although he was a Republican, he was appointed secretary of war by President Roosevelt in 1940 in order to carry forward strong measures to aid Britain. He supervised the expansion and training of the U.S. Army, and general war operations, throughout the war. As chief presidential adviser on atomic policy, he recommended to Pres. Harry S. Truman that atom bombs be dropped on Japanese cities. He later said it was "our least abhorrent choice. The destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki put an end to the Japanese war... it ended the ghastly specter of a clash of great land armies." He retired in 1945, soon after the Japanese surrender.

Stimson, Robert Frederick (b. May 16, 1939), governor of St. Helena (1988-91).

Stino, Kamal Ramzi (b. 1910, Cairo, Egypt - d. ...), a deputy prime minister (for supply and internal trade) of the United Arab Republic (1964-66). He was also minister of supply (1958-65).

Stirbei, Alexandru B(arbu) (b. 1837, Bucharest, Walachia [now in Romania] - d. March 1, 1895, Bucharest), interior minister (1888-89) and finance minister (1891) of Romania; son of Barbu Dimitrie Stirbei. He was also minister of public works (1888).

Stirbei, Prince Barbu (Alexandru) (b. Nov. 4, 1872, Buftea, Romania - d. March 24, 1946, Bucharest, Romania), prime minister, foreign minister, and interior minister (1927) and finance minister (1927) of Romania; son of Alexandru B. Stirbei.

Stirbei, Barbu Dimitrie (b. 1799, Craiova, Walachia [now in Romania] - d. April 13, 1869, Nice, France), prince of Walachia (1849-53, 1854-56).

Stirbei, George B(arbu) (b. April 1, 1832, Bucharest, Walachia [now in Romania] - d. 1925, Paris, France), foreign minister of Romania (1866-67); son of Barbu Dimitrie Stirbei.

Stirling, Sir Alexander John (Dickson), byname Alec Stirling (b. Oct. 20, 1926, Rawalpindi, India [now in Pakistan] - d. July 16, 2014, London, England), British political agent in Bahrain (1969-71); knighted 1984. He was also ambassador to Bahrain (1971-72), Iraq (1977-80), Tunisia (1981-84), and Sudan (1984-86).

Stirling, Grote (b. July 31, 1875, Tunbridge Wells, England - d. Jan. 18, 1953, Kelowna, B.C.), defence minister of Canada (1934-35). He was also acting minister of fisheries (1934-35).

Stirling, Sir James (b. 1791 - d. April 22, 1865, Guildford, Surrey, England), lieutenant governor (1829-32) and governor (1832, 1834-39) of Western Australia; knighted 1833.

Stishinsky, Aleksandr (Semyonovich) (b. June 30 [June 18, O.S.], 1851, Tiflis, Russia [now Tbilisi, Georgia] - d. Jan. 11, 1922, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey]), Russian official. He was head of the Chief Administration of Land Organization and Agriculture (1906).

Stisted, Sir Henry William (b. 1817, Saint-Omer, Pas-de-Calais, France - d. Dec. 10, 1875, Upper Norwood, Surrey, England), lieutenant governor of Ontario (1867-68); knighted 1871.

Stitt, (Thomas) Clive Somerville (b. Jan. 1, 1948 - d. Jan. 13, 2017), administrator of the British Indian Ocean Territory (1986-88).

Stitt, (John) Kevin (b. Dec. 28, 1972, Milton, Fla.), governor of Oklahoma (2019- ).

Stix, Karl (b. Oct. 24, 1939, Wiener Neustadt, Germany [now in Austria] - d. July 5, 2003, Hornstein, Austria), Landeshauptmann of Burgenland (1991-2000).

Stobart, Patrick Desmond (b. Feb. 14, 1920 - d. Dec. 3, 1991), British acting political agent and consul in Muscat and Oman (1948) and political officer in the Trucial States (1948-50).

Stobbe, Dietrich (b. March 25, 1938, Weepers, Prussia, Germany [now Wieprz, Poland] - d. Feb. 19, 2011, Berlin, Germany), governing mayor of (West) Berlin (1977-81).

Stobée, Lorentz Kristoffer, original surname Stobæus (b. May 10, 1676, Lund, Skåne, Sweden - d. April 30, 1756, Råda socken, Skaraborg [now in Västra Götaland], Sweden), governor of Göteborg och Bohus (1741-49). He was ennobled under the name Stobée in 1707.

Stoby, Sir Kenneth (Sievewright) (b. Oct. 19, 1903, Georgetown, British Guiana [now Guyana] - d. July 10, 1985), acting governor-general of Guyana (1966); knighted 1961. He was chief justice of Barbados in 1959-65.

Stock, Christian (b. Aug. 28, 1884, Darmstadt, Hessen, Germany - d. April 13, 1967, Seeheim [now part of Seeheim-Jugenheim], Hessen, West Germany), minister-president of Hessen (1947-51).

Stockdale, James B(ond) (b. Dec. 23, 1923, Abingdon, Ill. - d. July 5, 2005, Coronado, Calif.), U.S. politician. In the Vietnam War, he was a Navy fighter pilot based on the aircraft carrier Oriskany and flew 201 missions before he was shot down on Sept. 9, 1965. The highest-ranking naval officer captured in the war, he spent more than seven years as a prisoner before his release in 1973. He received 26 combat decorations, including the Medal of Honor, the nation's highest medal for valor, in 1976. He retired from the military in 1979. In the 1992 presidential election, Ross Perot, who was running as an independent, selected Admiral Stockdale initially as a stand-in on the ticket but later as the formal vice presidential candidate. Stockdale gave a stumbling performance in the nationally televised vice presidential debate against Dan Quayle and Al Gore and later said he did not feel comfortable in the public eye. Perot and Stockdale received 19% of the popular vote. When Perot ran again in 1996 as the candidate of the Reform Party, his running mate was Patrick Choate, an economist. Stockdale had rejoined the Republican Party.

Stocker

Stocker(-Rusterholz), Ernst (Walter) (b. April 20, 1955, Wädenswil, Zürich, Switzerland), president of the government of Zürich (2015-16, 2022-23).

Stockley, Charles C(lark) (b. Nov. 6, 1819, Georgetown, Del. - d. April 20, 1901, Millsboro, Del.), governor of Delaware (1883-87).

Stöckli, Clemens (b. July 24, 1927, Therwil, Basel-Land, Switzerland - d. Dec. 4, 2012, Liestal, Basel-Land), president of the government of Basel-Land (1975-76, 1980-81, 1985-86, 1988-89).

Stöckling

Stöckling, Hans Ulrich (b. Jan. 6, 1941, Gossau, Sankt Gallen, Switzerland), Landammann (1990-91, 1997-98) and president of the government (2003-04) of Sankt Gallen.

Stockton, John P(otter) (b. Aug. 2, 1826, Princeton, N.J. - d. Jan. 22, 1900, New York City), U.S. politician; son of Robert F. Stockton. He was minister to the Papal State (1858-61) and a U.S. senator (1865-66, 1869-75).

Stockton, Robert F(ield) (b. Aug. 20, 1795, Princeton, N.J. - d. Oct. 7, 1866, Princeton), military governor of California (1846-47). He was also a U.S. senator (1851-53).

Stockton, Thomas (b. April 1, 1781, New Castle, Del. - d. March 2, 1846, New Castle), governor of Delaware (1845-46).

Stoel, Max van der (b. Aug. 3, 1924, Voorschoten, Zuid-Holland, Netherlands - d. April 23, 2011, The Hague, Netherlands), foreign minister of the Netherlands (1973-77, 1981-82). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (1983-86) and OSCE high commissioner on national minorities (1993-2001).

Stoessel, Bernard (b. Oct. 21, 1954), acting president of the Regional Council of Alsace (2009).

Stoessel, Walter J(ohn), Jr. (b. Jan. 24, 1920, Manhattan, Kan. - d. Dec. 9, 1986, Washington, D.C.), acting U.S. secretary of state (1982). He was also ambassador to Poland (1968-72), the Soviet Union (1974-76), and West Germany (1976-81).

Stoev

Stofile

Stoev, Svetlan (Hristov) (b. Aug. 30, 1960, Sofia, Bulgaria), foreign minister of Bulgaria (2021). He was also ambassador to Germany (2005-09), Sweden (2012-16), and Denmark (2019-21).

Stoeva, Lachezara (Stoyanova) (b. 1977, Sofia, Bulgaria), Bulgarian diplomat. She has been permanent representative to the United Nations (2021- ).

Stofile, Makhenkesi (Arnold) (b. Dec. 27, 1944, Winterberg, Cape province [now in Eastern Cape], South Africa - d. Aug. 15, 2016, Alice, Eastern Cape), premier of Eastern Cape (1997-2004). He was also South African sports minister (2004-10) and ambassador to Germany (2011-15).

Stoiber

Stoiber, Edmund (Rüdiger) (b. Sept. 28, 1941, Oberaudorf, Bayern, Germany), German politician. He became minister-president of the prosperous southern state of Bayern in 1993 after his predecessor Max Streibl resigned amid influence-peddling scandals. Stoiber, who led an ascetic lifestyle at the centre of power in the state famed for its beer and Alpine vistas, was able to finally move out of the shadows of his mentor Franz Josef Strauss with his unexpectedly strong win in the Bavarian state election on Sept. 13, 1998. Stoiber's Christian Social Union (CSU), the archconservative sister party to the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), won 52.9% of the vote, reversing an erosion in support. Stoiber helped make his state one of the most prosperous in Germany, with low unemployment and crime. Stoiber fought hard for Bayern, as Strauss did. But in sharp contrast to Strauss, Stoiber had a squeaky clean image. He seemed to step into the power vacuum in conservative ranks when the CDU's Helmut Kohl lost the Sept. 27, 1998, general election. In 1999 Stoiber became chairman of the CSU. Although he had earlier denied such ambitions, in January 2002 he became the CDU/CSU candidate for chancellor in the September elections, after the only other contender, CDU chairwoman Angela Merkel, stepped aside in his favour. He lost the election and continued to rule his state, winning another landslide in state elections in 2003. In 2005 Merkel was the chancellor candidate and won, and Stoiber was to take the post of economy and technology minister in the federal government, but he then made a U-turn and decided to remain in Bayern, a move that lost him some respect. As his leadership began to be challenged within the party, he was forced in January 2007 to announce his exit, effective September 30.

C. Stoica

Stoica, Chivu¹ (b. Aug. 8, 1908, Smeeni, Buzau county, Romania - d. [suicide] Feb. 17, 1975, Bucharest, Romania), chairman of the Council of Ministers (1955-61) and president of the State Council (1965-67) of Romania. He was also minister of industry (1948-49), metallurgical and chemical industry (1949-52), and metallurgical industry and machine-building (1953-55), a deputy premier (1950-54), and a first deputy premier (1954-55).
¹ His actual name was Stoica Chivu (Chivu is family name), but he came to be addressed as Chivu Stoica in leadership circles.

Stoica, Gheorghe (b. Feb. 13, 1935, Tomsani, Prahova county, Romania), a deputy prime minister of Romania (1982). He was also first secretary of the party committees and chairman of the executive committees of Vrancea (1979-84) and Dolj (1984-87) counties and minister of technico-material supply and control of fixed-assets management (1988-89).

Stoicescu, Constantin I. (b. Jan. 15, 1852, Ploiesti, Walachia [now in Romania] - d. May 11, 1911, Bucharest, Romania), foreign minister of Romania (1896-97). He was also minister of public works (1895-96, 1902), justice (1898-99, 1901-02), and agriculture, industry, commerce, and domains (1902-04).

Stoichkov, Grigor (Georgiev) (b. Feb. 2, 1926, Gorna Malina, Bulgaria - d. July 23, 2016), a deputy premier of Bulgaria (1977-89). He was also first secretary of the Communist Party committee of Sofia district (1961-69) and minister of transport (1969-73), construction and architecture (1973-77), agriculture and food industry (1978-79), and construction and settlement planning (1984-86).

Stoilov, Konstantin (Stoilov) (b. Sept. 23, 1853, Plovdiv, Ottoman Empire [now in Bulgaria] - d. March 23, 1901, Sofia, Bulgaria), foreign minister (1881 [acting], 1883, 1886, 1896-99), justice minister (1883-84, 1886-88), prime minister (1887, 1894-99), finance minister (1887), and interior minister (1894-96) of Bulgaria.

Stojadinovic, Milan (b. Aug. 4 [July 23, O.S.], 1888, Cacak, Serbia - d. Oct. 24, 1961, Buenos Aires, Argentina), finance minister (1922-24, 1924-26, 1934-35) and prime minister and foreign minister (1935-39) of Yugoslavia.

Stojiljkovic

Stojiljkovic, Vlajko (b. 1937, Mala Krsna, near Smederevo, Yugoslavia [now in Serbia] - d. April 13, 2002, Belgrade, Serbia), interior minister of Serbia (1997-2000). An apparatchik with an unremarkable career, he was chairman of the Yugoslav Economic Chamber in 1991 and of the Serbian Economic Chamber in 1991-97. He was appointed Serbian interior minister on April 15, 1997, after the previous minister, Zoran Sokolovic, became Yugoslav interior minister on March 20, and acting minister Radovan Stojicic Badza was assassinated on April 11. Stojiljkovic was member of the so-called "Pozarevac gang," the group of people that originated or lived in Pozarevac, Slobodan Milosevic's birthplace. A faithful follower of Milosevic, he was nothing more than a puppet who only figured as head of police. He resigned on Oct. 11, 2000. He was indicted for war crimes in Kosovo and his extradition was sought by the UN tribunal in The Hague. He announced several times that he would not go to The Hague alive, and he shot himself in the head on April 11, 2002, in front of the federal parliament in Belgrade, which a few hours earlier had adopted legislation permitting the extradition of war crimes suspects to the tribunal.

Stojmenov, Boris (b. April 4, 1940), finance minister of Macedonia (1998-99).

Stojsic, Djordje (b. May 28, 1928, Jarak, Yugoslavia [now in Vojvodina, Serbia] - d. Aug. 8, 2014, Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Serbia), chairman of the Vojvodina Provincial Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1985-88).

Stokenbergs, Aigars (b. Aug. 29, 1963, Riga, Latvian S.S.R.), justice minister (2010-11) and acting interior minister (2011) of Latvia. He was also minister of economy (2006) and regional development and local government (2006-07).

Stokes, Carl B(urton) (b. June 21, 1927, Cleveland, Ohio - d. April 4, 1996, Cleveland), mayor of Cleveland (1967-71). The first African-American mayor of a major U.S. city, he was also U.S. ambassador to Seychelles (1994-95).

Stokes, Edward C(asper) (b. Dec. 22, 1860, Philadelphia, Pa. - d. Nov. 4, 1942, Trenton, N.J.), governor of New Jersey (1905-08).

Stokes, Sir Gabriel (b. July 7, 1849 - d. Oct. 22, 1920), acting governor of Madras (1906); knighted 1909.

Stokes, John Day (b. 1802, Ireland - d. Dec. 11, 1862, Lassinagh, County Kerry, Ireland), resident in Mysore (1836-42).

Stokes, John William (b. Feb. 1, 1910, Melbourne, Vic. - d. Aug. 3, 1995), official representative in the Cocos Islands (1958-60) and Christmas Island (1960-66).

Stokes, Montfort (b. March 12, 1762, Lunenburg county, Va. - d. Nov. 4, 1842, Fort Gibson, Indian Territory [now in Okla.]), governor of North Carolina (1830-32). He was also a U.S. senator from North Carolina (1816-23).

Stolfi, Fiorenzo (b. March 11, 1956, San Marino), interior minister (2001-02), finance minister (2002), and foreign minister (2002-03, 2006-08) of San Marino. Earlier he was minister for tourism and sport (1983-86) and industry (1992-2000).

Stolk (Mendoza), Carlos Eduardo (b. April 4, 1912, Caracas, Venezuela - d. 1995?), Venezuelan diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1946-50).

Stolojan, Anastase (b. Aug. 17 [Aug. 5, O.S.], 1836, Craiova, Walachia [now in Romania] - d. Aug. 7 [July 25, O.S.], 1901, Bucharest, Romania), interior minister of Romania (1880, 1896). He was also minister of justice (1879-80) and agriculture, industry, commerce, and domains (1885-86, 1897-99).

Stolojan

Stolojan, Theodor (Dumitru) (b. Oct. 24, 1943, Târgoviste, Romania), finance minister (1990-91) and prime minister (1991-92) of Romania. He was also a presidential candidate (2000) and chairman of the National Liberal Party (2002-04) and the Liberal Democratic Party (2006-07).

Stolpe, Manfred (b. May 16, 1936, Hökendorf, Pommern, Prussia, Germany [now part of Szczecin, Poland] - d. Dec. 29, 2019, Potsdam, Germany), minister-president of Brandenburg (1990-2002). He was also German minister of transportation and construction (2002-05).

G. Stoltenberg

Stoltenberg, Gerhard (b. Sept. 29, 1928, Kiel, Germany - d. Nov. 23, 2001, Bad Godesberg, Bonn, Germany), German politician. A no-nonsense Christian Democratic Union (CDU) leader, he was minister-president of Schleswig-Holstein in 1971-82. He had aspirations to run for chancellor in 1976 against the incumbent Helmut Schmidt, but made way for Helmut Kohl. Kohl lost the 1976 election, but when he later ousted Schmidt in 1982, he rewarded Stoltenberg for his earlier support and made him finance minister. Stoltenberg pushed the West German government's new borrowing down to 22 billion marks by 1985 - the lowest level since 1977. His policies helped push the inflation rate down toward zero - the lowest levels since the late 1950s. He was sometimes blamed alongside U.S. Treasury Secretary James Baker for triggering the 1987 stock market crash over an interest rates row. Baker had complained that West Germans were benefiting from an export boom but had done too little to stimulate their domestic economy. But Stoltenberg rebuffed Baker's call to push for lower German interest rates, and Baker shot back with a threat to let the dollar fall further. Just before that, Stoltenberg had been criticized for the West German government's inept announcement of a withholding tax for investors which shook financial markets. In a 1989 cabinet reshuffle, he was moved to the defense ministry, where he oversaw the difficult integration the two Germanys' armed forces after unification in 1990. Under Bonn's deal with Moscow, troop levels were reduced to 370,000 by 1994 from 525,000 in 1990. He was forced to resign in 1992 when bureaucrats in his ministry failed to stop the delivery of 15 tanks to Turkey after parliament had banned the sale. He was a member of parliament for nearly 30 years.

J. Stoltenberg

Stoltenberg, Jens (b. March 16, 1959, Oslo, Norway), prime minister of Norway (2000-01, 2005-13) and secretary-general of NATO (2014- ); son of Thorvald Stoltenberg. He was also minister of industry and energy (1993-96) and finance (1996-97) and chairman of the Labour Party (2002-14). In 2013 he was named a special envoy of the UN secretary-general on climate change.

Stoltenberg, Thorvald (b. July 8, 1931, Oslo, Norway - d. July 13, 2018, Oslo), foreign minister of Norway (1987-89, 1990-93) and UN high commissioner for refugees (1990). He was also defense minister (1979-81) and permanent representative to the UN (1989-90).

Stolypin, Nikolay (Arkadyevich) (b. June 27, 1814 - d. Feb. 1, 1884), Russian diplomat; son-in-law of Aleksey Sverchkov; grandson of Graf Nikolay Mordvinov. He was chargé d'affaires in Baden (1854-65) and minister to Württemberg (1865-71) and the Netherlands (1871-84).

P. Stolypin

Stolypin, Pyotr (Arkadyevich) (b. April 14, 1862, Dresden, Saxony [Germany] - d. Sept. 18 [Sept. 5, O.S.], 1911, Kiev, Russia [now in Ukraine]), prime minister of Russia (1906-11); grandson of uncle of Nikolay Stolypin; brother-in-law of Dmitry Neydgart. Appointed governor of the province of Grodno in 1902, he was transferred in 1903 to Saratov, where he attracted notice by his determination in quelling peasant disturbances. In May 1906 he was appointed minister of the interior, an office he retained on becoming premier in July. He set out to consolidate the new semiconstitutional regime by suppressing revolutionary violence and by improving the position of the peasants. His reform, inaugurated by a decree of Nov. 22 (Nov. 9, O.S.), 1906, and given final legislative shape in 1910 and 1911, involved a radical transformation of Russia's agrarian structure. Peasants were encouraged to leave their communes and to secure their holdings as individual property. They were also given greater freedom in the selection of their representatives to the zemstvo (local government) councils. He intended to create a class of prosperous farmers who would constitute a bulwark of loyal conservatism in the countryside. He sought the collaboration of the liberal opposition, but insisted on their accepting his terms. When the second Duma refused to endorse his policies, it was dissolved in June 1907 and a new, more restrictive electoral law was promulgated. He also instituted a network of courts-martial to try accused rebels and terrorists, thousands of whom were executed by "Stolypin's necktie" (i.e., hanged). On Sept. 14 (Sept. 1, O.S.), 1911, while attending an operatic performance with the emperor in a Kiev theatre, he was shot by Dmitry Bogrov, a revolutionary who had become a police agent; he died four days later.

Stone, David (b. Feb. 17, 1770, Hope plantation, Bertie county, North Carolina - d. Oct. 7, 1818, near Raleigh, N.C.), governor of North Carolina (1808-10). He was also a U.S. representative (1799-1801) and senator (1801-07, 1813-14) from North Carolina.

Stone, Sir Edward Albert (b. March 9, 1844, Perth, Western Australia - d. April 2, 1920, Western Australia), acting governor of Western Australia (1901, 1902-03, 1909, 1913, 1917); knighted 1902. He was chief justice (1901-06) and lieutenant governor (1906-20).

Stone, Ellery W(heeler) (b. Jan. 14, 1894, Oakland, Calif. - d. Sept. 18, 1981, Montclair, N.J.), chief commissioner of the Allied Commission in Italy (1944-47).

H.F. Stone

Stone, Harlan Fiske (b. Oct. 11, 1872, Chesterfield, N.H. - d. April 22, 1946, Washington, D.C.), chief justice of the United States (1941-46). Appointed attorney general by Pres. Calvin Coolidge in 1924, he restored to public confidence a department which had been under grueling fire from Congress during the tenure of his predecessor Harry M. Daugherty. Stone's effectiveness prompted Coolidge to appoint him an associate justice of the Supreme Court in 1925. He often sided with "radical" justices Louis Brandeis and Oliver Wendell Holmes (and later with Benjamin Nathan Cardozo, who replaced Holmes in 1932) in dissent against the court's conservative majority. Stone, although a Republican, upheld many of the measures of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, including the Social Security Act of 1935 and the national minimum-wage law of 1938. In one opinion, he indirectly charged his colleagues with "a tortured construction of the constitution" under which he said they felt that it was "the business of the courts to sit in judgment on the wisdom of legislative action." Indeed, some of his dissents found him upholding legislation which, if he had been a legislator, he would have passionately denounced. In 1940 he was mentioned as a "dark horse" for the Republican presidential nomination, which went instead to another dark horse, Wendell L. Willkie. Roosevelt promoted Stone to chief justice in 1941 to succeed the retiring Charles Evans Hughes. During World War II, he presided over cases of martial law, military courts, and treason, many of which involved constitutional matters presented to the Supreme Court for the first time in U.S. history. During his 21 years on the court, he wrote more than 600 opinions and dissents.

Stone, John H(oskins) (b. 1745, Charles county, Maryland - d. Oct. 5, 1804, Annapolis, Md.), governor of Maryland (1794-97); great-great-grandson of William Stone.

Stone, John M(arshall) (b. April 30, 1830, Milan, Tenn. - d. March 26, 1900, Holly Springs, Miss.), governor of Mississippi (1876-82, 1890-96).

S. Stone

Stone, Shane (Leslie) (b. Sept. 25, 1950, Bendigo, Vic.), Australian politician. He joined the Country Party in 1971, and the Liberal Party in 1982. A few years later, Stone moved to the Northern Territory and joined the Country Liberal Party (CLP). He stood for the Central Australian seat of Sadadeen in 1987 but was unsuccessful. Stone was, however, elected president of the Country Liberal Party in 1988, and was elected for Port Darwin on Oct. 27, 1990. On Nov. 13, 1990, he was elevated to the ministry. Among other portfolios, he served as minister for education and the arts, employment and training, mines and energy, Asian relations and trade, and as attorney general. He became the territory's chief minister in 1995 and continued to hold many other portfolios. In his capacity as attorney general, he received a commission as Queen's Counsel in October 1997. In October 1998 a statehood referendum was defeated; Stone's attempt to get a controversial draft constitution accepted at the same time was widely seen as the reason. He also introduced a draconian mandatory sentencing law. He announced his resignation as chief minister in 1999 following concerns from CLP backbenchers about his style and unpopularity. Stone said he had party colleagues "snapping at the heels" for some time, and he was now being realistic.

Stone, William (b. 1605, England - d. 1660?, Charles county, Maryland), governor of Maryland (1648-55).

Stone, William A(lexis) (b. April 18, 1846, near Wellsboro, Tioga county, Pa. - d. March 1, 1920, Philadelphia, Pa.), governor of Pennsylvania (1899-1903).

Stone, William Joel (b. May 7, 1848, Madison county, Ky. - d. April 14, 1918, Washington, D.C.), governor of Missouri (1893-97).

Stone, William M(ilo) (b. Oct. 14, 1827, Jefferson county, N.Y. - d. July 18, 1893, Oklahoma City, Okla.), governor of Iowa (1864-68).

Stonehaven, John Lawrence Baird, (1st) Viscount (b. April 27, 1874, London, England - d. Aug. 20, 1941, Stonehaven, Kincardineshire [now in Aberdeenshire], Scotland), governor-general of Australia (1925-30). He was also British minister of transport (1922-24). He was created Baron Stonehaven in 1925 and raised to viscount in 1938.

Stoneman, George (b. Aug. 8, 1822, Busti, N.Y. - d. Sept. 5, 1894, Buffalo, N.Y.), governor of California (1883-87).

Stoney, Bowes Ormonde (b. 1878, Knaresborough, Yorkshire, England - d. Oct. 16, 1910), acting British resident in Brunei (1909).

Stoph

Stoph, Willi (b. July 9, 1914, Berlin, Germany - d. April 13, 1999, Berlin), chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) of East Germany (1964-73, 1976-89). He joined a Communist youth group in 1928 and the Communist Party in 1931. He served in the German army as a private in the artillery (1940-42) and was released after being wounded. He became East Germany's minister of the interior (1952-55) and its first defense minister (1956-60); he was known as the architect of the East German National People's Army. He moved up in East Germany's Politburo hierarchy to become premier. In 1970 he met with West German Chancellor Willy Brandt for talks to ease relations. He was chairman of the Council of State (ceremonial head of state) from 1973 to 1976. A close associate of East German party chief Erich Honecker, Stoph resigned after Honecker was ousted (October 1989) as a result of a massive popular campaign to liberalize the country's Communist regime. Along with Honecker and four other defendants, Stoph went on trial in Berlin on Nov. 13, 1992, charged with 13 counts of manslaughter in the killings of people trying to escape East Germany. He was dropped from the case in August 1993 after the court decided he was too sick to continue because of heart problems.

Storani (Acquaroli), Conrado (Hugo) (b. July 13, 1922, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina - d. Aug. 10, 2003, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina), health minister of Argentina (1986-87).

Storani (Zabala), Federico (Teobaldo Manuel) (b. Aug. 5, 1950, Hernando, Córdoba, Argentina), interior minister of Argentina (1999-2001); son of Conrado Storani.

Storberget, Knut (b. Oct. 6, 1964, Elverum, Hedmark [now in Innlandet], Norway), justice minister of Norway (2005-11) and governor of Hedmark and Oppland (2019) and Innlandet (2020- ).

Støre

Støre, Jonas Gahr (b. Aug. 25, 1960, Oslo, Norway), foreign minister (2005-12) and prime minister (2021- ) of Norway. He was also minister of health and care services (2012-13). In 2014 he became chairman of the Labour Party.

Storks, Sir Henry Knight (b. April 5, 1811, London, England - d. Sept. 6, 1874, London), lord high commissioner of the Ionian Islands (1859-63) and governor of Malta (1864-67) and Jamaica (1865-66); knighted 1857.

Storm van 's Gravesande, Jonathan Samuel (d. 1761), commander of Demerara (1750-61); son of Laurens Storm van 's Gravesande; brother-in-law of Laurens Lodewijk van Bercheijk.

Storm van 's Gravesande, Laurens (d. Aug. 14, 1775), governor of Essequibo (1742-50) and director-general of Demerara-Essequibo (1750-72).

Storrs, Sir Ronald (Henry Amherst) (b. Nov. 19, 1881, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, England - d. Nov. 1, 1955, London, England), governor of Cyprus (1926-32) and Northern Rhodesia (1932-34); knighted 1924.

Story, Marguerite (Nora Eikura Kitimira), née Henry (b. May 5, 1922, Mangaia, Cook Islands - d. Sept. 25?, 2009, Rarotonga, Cook Islands), Cook Islands politician; sister of Albert Henry. She was speaker of parliament (1965-78).

Stott

Stott Despoja, Natasha (Jessica) (b. Sept. 9, 1969, Adelaide, S.Aus.), Australian politician. She entered parliament by filling a vacancy in November 1995 and was elected in her own right in March 1996, at 26 the youngest woman ever elected to sit in the Senate. A Democrat representing South Australia, her party responsibilities covered the areas of employment and training, higher education, youth affairs, immigration and multicultural affairs, and science and technology. Serving as a torchbearer for a generation that usually lacked political representation, she aimed to lower the average age in parliament (which was nearly 50) but also to change its gender ("I always joke about the fact that the Parliament House flagpole is the largest in the southern hemisphere, so size does matter in parliament"). Her skills soon became apparent as she marshalled contacts from student politics to outposition Labor as the focal point for opposition to the government's massive changes to higher education. Education Minister Amanda Vanstone saw her as a genuine threat, labelling her "Little Miss Keep the Bastards Honest." Membership in her party rose sharply in the 18-24 age group. In November 1997 she was elected deputy leader, and in April 2001 leader, of the Australian Democrats - the youngest person of any party to hold such a position. She resigned in August 2002, citing lack of support by fellow Democrat senators.

Stout, Jacob (b. 1764, near Leipsic, Delaware - d. November 1855, near Leipsic), acting governor of Delaware (1820-21).

Stout, Sir Robert (b. Sept. 28, 1844, Lerwick, Shetland, Scotland - d. July 19, 1930, Wellington, N.Z.), premier (1884, 1884-87), acting governor (1910, 1912), and acting governor-general (1920) of New Zealand; knighted 1886. He was also attorney general (1884, 1884-87), minister of education (1885-87), and chief justice (1899-1926).

Stoutt, H(amilton) Lavity (b. March 7, 1929, Long Bay, Tortola, British Virgin Islands - d. May 14, 1995), chief minister of the British Virgin Islands (1967-71, 1979-83, 1986-95). A member of the Legislative Council from 1957, he was the longest-serving parliamentarian in the region.

Stow, Sir Alexander (Montague) (b. 1873 - d. June 27, 1936), chief commissioner of Delhi (1926-28); knighted 1930.

Stow, Sir John Montague (b. Oct. 3, 1911 - d. March 16, 1997), administrator of Saint Lucia (1947-53) and governor (1959-66) and governor-general (1966-67) of Barbados; knighted 1959; son of Sir Alexander Stow.

Stow Hill (of Newport in the County of Monmouthshire), Frank Soskice, Baron (b. July 23, 1902, Geneva, Switzerland - d. Jan. 1, 1979, London, England), British politician. He entered Parliament at the 1945 election that brought Labour to power at the end of the war and was successively solicitor general (1945-51) and attorney general (April-October 1951). In 1950 he was Britain's delegate to the UN General Assembly. Under Prime Minister Harold Wilson he was home secretary (1964-65) and lord privy seal (1965-66). He was knighted in 1945 and created a life peer in 1966.

Stoyanov, Dimitur (Zhelyazkov) (b. Oct. 28, 1968, Svilengrad, Bulgaria), defense minister of Bulgaria (2022-23).

Stoyanov, Kalin (Georgiev) (b. April 28, 1981, Burgas, Bulgaria), interior minister of Bulgaria (2023- ).

Stoyanov, Petko (Hristov) (b. Dec. 12 [Nov. 30, O.S.], 1879, Rahovo [now Oryahovo], Bulgaria - d. Dec. 7, 1973, Sofia, Bulgaria), finance minister of Bulgaria (1944-45).

Petur Stoyanov

Stoyanov, Petur (Stefanov) (b. May 25, 1952, Asenovgrad, Plovdiv oblast, Bulgaria), president of Bulgaria (1997-2002). He became deputy justice minister in the first Union of Democratic Forces (UDF) government from 1991 to 1992, and was elected to parliament in December 1994. He defeated incumbent Pres. Zhelyu Zhelev in a U.S.-style presidential primary election in June 1996, winning 66% of votes cast, and ran as the candidate of the united opposition. Stoyanov, vice-chairman of the UDF, won the first round of voting in October 1996 with 44%. A pro-market liberal, he favoured closer ties with NATO and the European Union and criticized the Socialists for avoiding a clear position on the issue. He made pre-election visits to Germany and Poland where he met Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Pres. Aleksander Kwasniewski. A professional politician but untainted by the past, he offered a younger, slicker image and his speaking style was more pragmatic and businesslike than the philosophical speeches of Zhelev. He made a particular effort to appeal to young voters and had the support of Bulgaria's international soccer stars Hristo Stoichkov and Emil Kostadinov. In the runoff in November 1996 he defeated Socialist Ivan Marazov 60%-40%.

Stracár, Slavomír (b. Feb. 7, 1935, Chtelnica, Czechoslovakia [now in Slovakia] - d. Aug. 21, 1990, Brasília, Brazil), Czechoslovak politician. He was minister of metallurgy, engineering, and electrical engineering (1990) and foreign trade (1990).

Strache, Heinz-Christian (b. June 12, 1969, Vienna, Austria), vice chancellor of Austria (2017-19). He was also chairman of the Freedom Party (2005-19) and minister of civil service and sport (2018-19).

Strachey, Sir John (b. June 5, 1823, London, England - d. Dec. 19, 1907, London), chief commissioner of Oudh (1866-67), acting viceroy of India (1872), and lieutenant governor of the North-Western Provinces (1874-76); knighted 1872.

Strachey, (Evelyn) John (St. Loe) (b. Oct. 21, 1901, Merrow, Surrey, England - d. July 15, 1963, London, England), British secretary of state for war (1950-51). He was also minister of food (1946-50).

Stradbroke, George Edward John Mowbray Rous, (3rd) Earl of (b. Nov. 19, 1862, London, England - d. Dec. 20, 1947, Henham Hall, Suffolk, England), governor of Victoria (1921-26). He succeeded as earl in 1886.

Strahan, Sir George Cumine (b. Dec. 9, 1838, Fraserburgh, Aberdeenshire, Scotland - d. Feb. 17, 1887, Bournemouth, Dorset, England), governor of the Bahamas (1871-73), the Gold Coast (1874-76), Barbados and the Windward Islands (1876-80), Cape Colony (acting, 1880-81), and Tasmania (1881-86) and administrator of Lagos (1874); knighted 1880.

Straker

Straker, Sir Louis (Hilton) (b. Feb. 23, 1944, Layou, Saint Vincent), deputy prime minister (2001-10, 2015-20) and foreign minister (2001-05, 2005-10, 2015-20) of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; knighted 2006. He was also minister of commerce and trade (2001-05, 2005-10), transport, works, and housing (2005), and international trade and regional integration (2015-20).

Strakhov, Aleksey (Leonidovich) (b. Oct. 26, 1942), head of the administration (1994-95) and chairman of the government (1994-95) of Sverdlovsk oblast.

Strakhovsky, Ivan (Mikhailovich) (b. June 21, 1866 - d. 1918), governor of Turgay oblast (1908-10), Vyatka (1910-14), and Tiflis (1914-16).

Stråle af Ekna, Wilhelm (b. Feb. 22, 1816, Stockholm, Sweden - d. March 23, 1902, Stockholm), governor of Stockholm (1867-88).

Stralen, Hein van, byname of Hendrik van Stralen (b. Oct. 20, 1751, Hoorn, Netherlands - d. Nov. 6, 1822, The Hague, Netherlands), interior minister of the Batavian Commonwealth (1805-06) and the Netherlands (1813-14).

Strandman

Strandman, Otto (August) (b. Nov. 30, 1875, Vandu, Undla municipality, Viru county, Russia [now in Estonia] - d. Feb. 5, 1941, Kadrina, Estonian S.S.R.), prime minister and minister of war (1919), foreign minister (1920-21, 1924), and state elder (1929-31) of Estonia. He was also minister of justice (1918, 1920-21), agriculture (1918-19), and finance (1924), speaker of the Riigikogu (1921), and minister to Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Romania (1927-29) and France, Belgium, and the Vatican (1933-39). He shot himself when Soviet NKVD officers came to arrest him.

Sträng, Gunnar (Georg Emanuel) (b. Dec. 23, 1906, Järfälla, near Stockholm, Sweden - d. March 6, 1992, Stockholm), Swedish politician. He spent the 1920s and 1930s as an organizer of farm labourers and was elected chairman of the Swedish Agricultural Workers' Union in 1938. First elected to the Riksdag (parliament) in 1946, he joined the government as a consulting minister (1945-47) and then became minister of supply (1947-48), agriculture (1948-51), and social affairs (1951-55). As finance minister (1955-76) in a succession of Social Democratic cabinets, he was a chief architect of the renowned Swedish social welfare system. He sought a more even distribution of wealth by establishing a highly progressive system of taxes on personal income, capital, and private employers to finance generous social benefits including health insurance, pensions, and unemployment coverage. He also favoured a balance of austerity measures and incentives to maintain high employment. In 1969 he introduced a value-added tax. During his 21 years' responsibility for the budget, public expenditure grew from 28 to 58% of GNP. In the 1970s, he started to tighten Sweden's free-spending budgets as economic growth slowed. This policy at times earned him criticism from Sweden's powerful trade-union federation, the Landsorganisationen. Towards the end of his tenure he took the view that the world's highest income taxes could not be sustained in a climate of economic stagnation and intense international competition. (In the late 1980s the application of the value-added tax was expanded while other forms of taxation were cut, a policy he never spoke out against.) He left the government when his Social Democrats were defeated in the 1976 elections, but kept his seat in the Riksdag until 1985.

Stranski, Georgi (Ivanov) (b. 1847, Kalofer, Ottoman Empire [now in Bulgaria] - d. Jan. 4, 1904), interior minister (1887) and foreign minister (1887-90) of Bulgaria. He was also diplomatic agent in Serbia (1886-87).

Stránský, Jaroslav (b. Jan. 15, 1884, Brünn, Austria [now Brno, Czech Republic] - d. Aug. 13, 1973, London, England), a deputy premier of Czechoslovakia (1945-46). He was also minister of justice (1941-45 [in exile to 1945]) and education (1946-48).

Strasburger, Henryk (Leon) (b. May 28, 1887, Niemce, Poland - d. May 2, 1951, London, England), finance minister of Poland (in exile, 1939-43). He was also minister of industry and commerce (in exile, 1939-42) and ambassador to the United Kingdom (1945-46).

Stráský

Stráský, Jan (b. Dec. 24, 1940, Plzen, Bohemia and Moravia [now in Czech Republic] - d. Nov. 6, 2019, Prague, Czech Republic), prime minister and acting president of Czechoslovakia (1992). He was also minister of foreign trade of Czechoslovakia (1992) and minister of transport (1993-95) and health (1995-96) of the Czech Republic.

G. Strasser

Strasser, Gregor (b. May 31, 1892, Geisenfeld, Germany - d. June 30, 1934, Berlin, Germany), German politician. An early associate of Adolf Hitler, he joined the fledgling Nazi Party in 1920 and participated in Hitler's Munich (Beer Hall) Putsch in 1923; he was imprisoned, but in 1924 regained his freedom by being elected to the Bavarian Diet. Also in 1924 he was elected to the Reichstag. An effective public speaker and organizer, he took over the party organization in northern Germany in 1925 and built a mass movement with the help of his brother Otto and the young Joseph Goebbels. In January 1928 he became organization leader of the party (Reichsorganisationsleiter) and the efforts of the Strasser brothers were part of the reason for the Nazi gains at the polls since that time. They appealed to the lower-middle classes and the proletariat by an anti-capitalist stance which was increasingly resisted by Hitler after 1930. While Otto left the party, Gregor at first remained with Hitler and was second only to him in power and popularity. But he favoured radical social reforms and opposed Hitler's courting of big business as well as his anti-Semitism. In December 1932 he was invited to become vice chancellor in the government of Kurt von Schleicher. He was ready to accept, but Hitler saw it as an attempt to split the party; Strasser backed down and resigned from all party posts. Hitler's preeminent position in the party averted large-scale losses in membership, and, after Hitler became chancellor in January 1933, Strasser had little influence. He was killed during the Röhm purge of 1934, when Hitler settled accounts with a number of political rivals.

Strasser, Hellmuth (b. April 5, 1934, Sierning, Oberösterreich, Austria - d. Oct. 16, 2019), Austrian diplomat. He was ambassador to East Germany (1981-85) and Greece (1986-90) and director-general (1990-99) and president (1999-2002) of the Danube Commission.

O. Strasser

Strasser, Otto (Johann Maximilian) (b. Sept. 10, 1897, Windsheim, Germany - d. Aug. 27, 1974, Munich, West Germany), German politician. His brother Gregor introduced him to Adolf Hitler. He joined the Nazi Party in 1925 and became editor of several Nazi newspapers, but became disillusioned when he realized that, under Hitler's leadership, the National Socialist German Workers' Party was becoming neither socialist nor a party of the workers. As Hitler began forming alliances with Germany's industrial magnates in return for their financial support, Strasser left the party in 1930 and organized a rival movement, the Schwarze Front (Black Front). After Hitler's accession to power in 1933, he went into exile, moving from one European country to another before finally settling in Canada in 1941. He was deprived of his German citizenship in 1934. He won a legal contest to have it restored in 1954, against the opposition of the West German government, and he returned in 1955. He formed a right-wing political party called German Social Union in 1956, but by 1957 it was moribund and Strasser faded into obscurity.

V. Strasser

Strasser, Valentine (Esegragbo Melvine) (b. Sept. 15, 1966, near Freetown, Sierra Leone), head of state of Sierra Leone (1992-96). A captain known for winning disco contests, he headed up a group of twentysomething officers demanding unpaid salaries. The protests snowballed into a popular coup that ousted Pres. Joseph Saidu Momoh in April 1992, and Strasser became the world's youngest head of state. He was hailed as a saviour by many, being remembered for drastically cutting inflation, cleaning up the capital, and putting the long defunct national TV station back on air. He and his junta - known as "the boys" because most were only in their 20s - scored points by waging war, if unsuccessfully, on the nation's hated rebels. But Strasser was no angel. He was widely criticized when his government executed two dozen alleged coup plotters without trial on a Freetown beach. Strasser promised to hand over power in democratic elections in 1996. But he was beaten to the punch by his No. 2 man, Brig. Julius Maada Bio, who overthrew him in a bloodless coup in January that year. Strasser was forced into exile and soon ended up in Britain, where the United Nations arranged a special scholarship for him to study law at Warwick University in Coventry. He spent 18 months at the school before dropping out, saying in a letter that he ran out of money. He slipped away to London and changed his name to Reginald to avoid the press and potential enemies. After The Observer disclosed this, he fled to Gambia on Oct. 27, 2000. The Gambian government first sent him back to Britain, but he was refused entry there, so it sent him back to Sierra Leone, where he arrived on December 10. Not entitled to any benefits as former head of state because he took power by force, he moved in with his mother.

Stratan

Stratan, Andrei (b. Sept. 3, 1966, Kishinev, Moldavian S.S.R. [now Chisinau, Moldova]), foreign minister of Moldova (2004-09). He was also a deputy prime minister (2004-09).

Straten-Waillet, François-Xavier (Georges Joseph Marie Ghislain) baron van der (b. Jan. 22, 1910, Antwerp, Belgium - d. Feb. 15, 1998, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert [now in Brussels-Capital region], Belgium), Belgian politician. He was minister of external trade (1947-48) and health and family (1948-49), minister to Argentina (1952-53), and ambassador to Argentina (1953-55), the Netherlands (1955-66), and Italy (1969-74).

Stratenus, Anthony Jan Lucas baron (b. July 22, 1807, The Hague, Netherlands - d. April 18, 1872, The Hague), acting foreign minister of the Netherlands (1862). He was also minister to Hanover and the Hanse cities (1854-64).

Stratos, Andreas (Nikolaou) (b. 1905, Athens, Greece - d. Aug. 30, 1981), Greek politician; son of Nikolaos Stratos. He was minister of labour (1946, 1954-55) and social welfare (1958-61, 1961-62) and general administrator of Northern Greece (1952-54).

Stratos, Nikolaos (Andreou) (b. May 28 [May 16, O.S.], 1872, Athens, Greece - d. [executed] Nov. 28 [Nov. 15, O.S.], 1922, Athens), prime minister of Greece (1922). He was also minister of interior (1909, 1922), marine (1912-13, 1915), military (1922), and foreign affairs (provisional, 1922) and president of the Vouli (1911).

Stratton, Charles C(reighton) (b. March 6, 1796, Swedesboro, N.J. - d. March 30, 1859, Swedesboro), governor of New Jersey (1845-48).

Stratton, Sir Richard (James) (b. July 16, 1924 - d. July 26, 1988), British high commissioner for the New Hebrides (1977-80) and governor of Pitcairn Island (1980-84); knighted 1982. He was British ambassador to Congo and Zaire (1974-77), Burundi (1975-77), and Rwanda (1977) and high commissioner to New Zealand and Western Samoa (1980-84).

Stratton, William G(rant) (b. Feb. 26, 1914, Ingleside, Ill. - d. March 2, 2001, Chicago, Ill.), governor of Illinois (1953-61).

Straub, Brunó Ferenc (b. Jan. 5, 1914, Nagyvárad, Hungary [now Oradea, Romania] - d. Feb. 15, 1996, Budapest, Hungary), chairman of the Presidential Council of Hungary (1988-89).

Straub, Robert W(illiam) (b. May 6, 1920, San Francisco, Calif. - d. Nov. 27, 2002, Springfield, Ore.), governor of Oregon (1975-79). Elected to the Lane County Board of Commissioners in 1954, he was next elected to the Oregon Senate (1959-63) and served as state treasurer (1964-72), in which capacity he took the groundbreaking step of investing public retirement funds in the stock market, a move that reaped billions of dollars in revenue and allowed public employees to retire in unprecedented comfort. He was also a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1968 and made an unsuccessful bid for U.S. Congress. After two unsuccessful bids for governor in 1966 and 1970, he was finally elected in 1974. During a single term in office, he reduced the unemployment rate from 12 to 5% - the first time in a decade Oregon's unemployment rate had fallen below the national figure. Under Straub, more women, minority, and disabled held top government positions than under any other governor in Oregon's history to that point. He also helped quash plans for the Mount Hood Freeway and rechanneled the money into mass transit - a move that started what would become MAX, Portland's light-rail system.

Strauch, Maximilien (Charles Ferdinand) (b. 1819 - d. 1911), president of the International Association of the Congo (1885).

Straujuma

Straumann

Straujuma, Laimdota, née Lustika (b. Feb. 24, 1951), prime minister of Latvia (2014-16). She was agriculture minister in 2011-14.

Straumann, Erich (b. Sept. 6, 1945), president of the government of Basel-Land (2003-04).

Straus, Jesse I(sidor) (b. June 25, 1872, New York City - d. Oct. 4, 1936, New York City), U.S. diplomat; nephew of Oscar S. Straus. He was ambassador to France (1933-36).

Straus, Oscar S(olomon) (b. Dec. 23, 1850, Otterberg, Bavaria [Germany] - d. May 3, 1926, New York City), U.S. secretary of commerce and labor (1906-09). He was the first Jewish member of the U.S. cabinet. He was also minister (1887-89, 1898-99) and ambassador (1909-10) to the Ottoman Empire.

F.J. Strauss

Strauss, Franz Josef (b. Sept. 6, 1915, Munich, Germany - d. Oct. 3, 1988, Regensburg, West Germany), German politician. He served as an artillery officer in World War II, being captured by U.S. forces near the end of the war. After his release, he helped found the Christian Social Union (CSU) in Bayern in 1945; he was its general secretary in 1949-53. Elected to the first Bundestag (federal parliament) in 1949, his forceful and colourful speeches, often peppered with Latin, caught the attention of Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who named Strauss minister for special tasks in 1953. In 1955 he became minister for atomic affairs and deputy chairman of the Defense Council. Appointed defense minister in 1956, he oversaw West Germany's rearmament and played a major role in building up the Bundeswehr (armed forces) and in the deployment of tactical nuclear weapons on German soil. In 1961 he became chairman of the CSU. In October 1962, the publisher and senior staff members of the newsmagazine Der Spiegel, which had frequently criticized him, were arrested and their files seized on suspicion of treason for publishing an article about a NATO exercise. The "Spiegel Affair" shook public opinion and his involvement in it forced him to resign from the cabinet in December. He returned to national office as finance minister in 1966-69. In 1978 he resigned from the Bundestag and was elected minister-president of Bayern, and in 1979 the CSU and the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) nominated him as their candidate for chancellor in the 1980 election. He was unsuccessful in his bid, however, as most voters considered his stance too far right of centre. He remained CSU chairman and Bavarian premier until his death. He was one of the few political leaders in postwar Germany who appeared to dominate the political scene by the force of their personality alone.

Strauss, Lewis L(ichtenstein) (b. Jan. 31, 1896, Charleston, W.Va. - d. Jan. 21, 1974, Brandy Station, W.Va.), U.S. politician. He was a staff aide to Herbert Hoover in 1917-19 and as such attended the Paris Peace Conference following World War I; later he served with U.S. relief agencies in Europe. During World War II he was a special assistant to the secretary of the navy and served also on the army-navy munitions board and the interdepartmental committee on atomic energy, rising to the rank of rear admiral. Strauss, who was credited with the development of a number of navy weapons during World War II, was named an original member of the Atomic Energy Commission by Pres. Harry S. Truman in October 1946. He became chairman of the AEC in 1953. He often expressed opposition to any U.S. agreement to discontinue testing of nuclear weapons. He retired at the end of his five-year term as chairman on June 30, 1958, and was succeeded by John A. McCone. He then became a special assistant to Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower in charge of the president's "atoms-for-peace" program. In 1958-59 he served as commerce secretary.

Strauss, Robert S(chwarz) (b. Oct. 19, 1918, Lockhart, Texas - d. March 19, 2014, Washington, D.C.), chairman of the Democratic National Committee (1972-77) and U.S. trade representative (1977-79). He was also ambassador to the Soviet Union/Russia (1991-92).

Strauss-Kahn

Strauss-Kahn, Dominique (Gaston André) ("DSK") (b. April 25, 1949, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France), French politician. He drafted the Socialist Party's economic policy and was its frontline spokesman on economic affairs. A believer in an active government industrial policy, he served as industry minister in 1991-93 and as finance minister in 1997-99. In 2006 he was a candidate in the Socialist primary for the 2007 presidential election, but lost to Ségolène Royal. In 2007 he became managing director of the International Monetary Fund. In 2011 he resigned after being arrested in New York and charged with a sexual assault on a hotel maid. After the credibility of his accuser came into serious doubt, the case was dropped.

Strautmanis, Peteris, Russian Pyotr (Yakubovich) Strautmanis (b. April 24, 1919, Latvia - d. June 27, 2007), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Latvian S.S.R. (1974-85). He was also minister of state farms (1956-58) and first deputy premier (1965-74).

Straw, Ezekiel A(lbert) (b. Dec. 30, 1819, Salisbury, N.H. - d. Oct. 23, 1882, Manchester, N.H.), governor of New Hampshire (1872-74).

J. Straw

Straw, Jack, byname of John Whitaker Straw (b. Aug. 3, 1946, Buckhurst Hill, Essex, England), British home secretary (1997-2001), foreign secretary (2001-06), lord privy seal (2006-07), and justice secretary (2007-10).

Stray, Svenn (Thorkild) (b. Feb. 11, 1922, Arendal, Aust-Agder [now in Agder], Norway - d. May 20, 2012), foreign minister (1970-71, 1981-86) and acting prime minister (1984) of Norway. He was also president of the Nordic Council (1968).

Strechaj, Rudolf (b. July 25, 1914, Cachtice, Hungary [now in Slovakia] - d. July 28, 1962, Prague, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), a deputy premier of Czechoslovakia and chairman of the Slovak National Council (1960-62).

Street, Anthony (Austin), byname Tony Street (b. Feb. 8, 1926, Melbourne, Vic. - d. Oct. 25, 2022), foreign minister of Australia (1980-83). He was also minister of labour and immigration (1975), employment (1975-78), and industrial relations (1975-80).

Streibl

Streibl, Max (b. Jan. 6, 1932, Oberammergau, Germany - d. Dec. 11, 1998, Munich, Germany), German politician. His political career began in 1962 when he was elected to the Bavarian state parliament for the ruling Christian Social Union (CSU), the Bavaria-only sister party of the conservative Christian Democrats. Streibl quickly rose to prominence, serving as general secretary of the CSU in 1967-71. He became state finance minister in 1977 and minister-president in 1988 after the death of Franz Josef Strauss. He resigned in 1993 under the cloud of the so-called "Amigo affair," with allegations surrounding government loans worth millions of dollars to an aviation entrepreneur for a fighter plane project; Streibl was a frequent guest on the entrepreneur's Brazilian ranch. He remained a member of the state parliament until 1994.

Streicher

Streicher, Julius (b. Feb. 22, 1885, Fleinhausen, Germany - d. Oct. 16, 1946, Nürnberg, Germany), German politician. He served in the German army during World War I. In 1919 he joined the anti-Semitic German Social Party in Nürnberg; in 1921, taking his local party membership with him, he joined the Nazi party, becoming one of the earliest Nazis in northern Bavaria and a close associate of Adolf Hitler. He became Gauleiter (party district leader) of Mittelfranken in 1929 (renamed Franken in 1936) and was also known as the Frankenführer. After Hitler's accession to power in 1933, Streicher was named director of a "Central Committee for the Defense against Jewish Atrocity and Boycott Propaganda." As the founder (1923) and editor of the rabid anti-Semitic weekly Der Stürmer, he himself engaged in the opposite propaganda, calling for boycotts of Jews and denouncing Germans who patronized them. The paper's circulation reached almost 500,000 in 1937, and its impact was enhanced by a nationwide system of public display cases (Stürmerkästen). It initiated the general campaign that led to the passage of the Nürnberg racial laws in 1935. By corrupt and disreputable transactions he alienated many of his fellow Nazi officials, and after an investigation by a commission he was stripped of his party posts in 1940. Due to Hitler's protection, however, he remained publisher of Der Stürmer throughout the war years. After the collapse of Germany, Streicher, posing as an eccentric artist, was captured on May 23, 1945, by U.S. troops at Waidring, near Berchtesgaden. Found guilty of crimes against humanity by the International Military Tribunal at Nürnberg (Oct. 1, 1946), he was sentenced to death and hanged.

Strelbitsky, Arkady (Yevgenyevich) (d. [suicide] March 31, 1926, Sofia, Bulgaria), governor of Erivan (1916-17).

Strelet

Strelet, Valeriu (b. March 8, 1970, Tsarovka, Moldavian S.S.R. [now Tareuca, Moldova]), prime minister of Moldova (2015).

Strelyukhin, Aleksandr (Mikhailovich) (b. July 4, 1958, Engels, Saratov oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the government of Saratov oblast (2019-20).

Stremayr, Karl (Borromäus Anton Franz Seraphin) Ritter (knight) von (b. Oct. 30, 1823, Graz, Austria - d. June 22, 1904, Pottschach, Niederösterreich, Austria), prime minister of Austria (1879). He was also minister of education and worship (1870, 1870-71, 1871-80) and justice (1879-80) and president of the Supreme Court (1891-99).

Strens, Martin Pascal Hubert (b. March 28, 1807, Roermond, Limburg, Holland [now Netherlands] - d. July 22, 1875, Maastricht, Netherlands), justice minister (1852-53) and acting foreign minister (1861-62) of the Netherlands. He was also minister of affairs of Roman Catholic worship (1852-53, 1861-62).

Stresemann

Stresemann, Gustav (b. May 10, 1878, Berlin, Germany - d. Oct. 3, 1929, Berlin), chancellor (1923) and foreign minister (1923-29) of Germany. He joined the National Liberal Party in 1903 and was a Dresden city councillor in 1906-12. In 1907 he was elected to the Reichstag (parliament); at 28 he was the youngest deputy. The party chairman, Ernst Bassermann, helped to advance his political career, and he was soon considered Bassermann's "crown prince." But his advocacy of extended social-welfare legislation were opposed by his party's right wing, and this antagonism prevented his reelection to the party executive committee in 1912, nor was he returned to the Reichstag in that year. He was part of the great majority of Germans who greeted the outbreak of World War I with enthusiasm. In December 1914, he again became a member of the Reichstag in a special election. He moved increasingly to the right and emerged as one of the most vociferous exponents of pan-Germanism. After Bassermann's death in July 1917, Stresemann succeeded him as parliamentary leader of the party and in November also became its chairman. The German defeat of 1918 was a blow to him, but he quickly accommodated himself to the realities of a republican Germany and founded the German People's Party. In August 1923 he became chancellor at the head of a "Great Coalition" of Social Democrats, the Centre, the German Democrats, and his People's Party, but he was overthrown by a vote of no confidence in November. He retained the post of foreign minister and held it, in coalition governments of varying composition, until his death. Together with the French foreign minister Aristide Briand, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926 for his policy of reconciliation and negotiation.

Streshnev, Tikhon (Nikitich) (b. 1644 - d. Jan. 26 [Jan. 15, O.S.], 1719, St. Petersburg, Russia), governor of Moscow (1709-11).

Streshny, Georgy (Yermolayevich) (b. 1900 - d. May 1940), acting chairman of the Central Executive Committee (1937-38) and chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1938-40) of the Moldavian A.S.S.R.

Streuli, Hans (b. July 13, 1892, Zürich, Switzerland - d. May 23, 1970, Aarau, Aargau, Switzerland), president of Switzerland (1957). He was also president of the government of Zürich (1941-42, 1946-47, 1951-52) and minister of finance and customs (1954-59).

Strezov, Aleksandur (Krustev) (b. March 13, 1935, Ruse, Bulgaria), Bulgarian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1988-90) and ambassador to Sweden (1991-92).

Stríbrný, Jirí (b. Jan. 14, 1880, Rokitzan, Austria [now Rokycany, Czech Republic] - d. Jan. 21, 1955, Valdice, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), defense minister of Czechoslovakia (1925-26). He was also minister of posts and telegraphs (1918-19) and railways (1919, 1920, 1922-25).

Baron Strickland

Strickland (of Sizergh), Gerald (Paul Joseph Cajetan Carmel Antony Martin) Strickland, (1st) Baron, (6th) Count Della Catena (b. May 24, 1861, Valletta, Malta - d. Aug. 22, 1940, Casal Attard, Malta), governor of the Leeward Islands (1902-04), Tasmania (1904-09), Western Australia (1909-13), and New South Wales (1913-17) and prime minister of Malta (1927-32). He succeeded to the title Count Della Catena in 1882, was appointed K.C.M.G. in 1897 and G.C.M.G. in 1913, and raised to the British peerage as Baron Strickland in 1928.

Strickland, Mabel (Edeline) (b. Jan. 8, 1899, Malta - d. Nov. 29, 1988, Lija, Malta), Maltese politician; daughter of Gerald Strickland, Baron Strickland. She was editor of the Times of Malta (1935-50) and founder and leader of the Progressive Constitutional Party (1953-88).

Strickland, Ted, byname of Theodore Strickland (b. Aug. 4, 1941, Lucasville, Ohio), governor of Ohio (2007-11).

Strickland, Sir William, (4th) Baronet (b. c. 1686 - d. Sept. 1, 1735), British secretary at war (1730-35). He succeeded as baronet in 1724.

Strijdom

Strijdom, Johannes G(erhardus), also spelled Strydom (b. July 14, 1893, Willowmore, Cape Colony [now in South Africa] - d. Aug. 24, 1958, Cape Town, South Africa), prime minister of South Africa (1954-58). He became active in the Nationalist Party, taking an interest in the rights of his fellow Afrikaners. In 1929 he was elected member of parliament for Waterberg, Transvaal, a seat he held until his death. Called "the Lion of the Waterberg" for his uncompromising Afrikaner sympathies, he was a loyal follower of Prime Minister J.B.M. Hertzog until 1934, when Hertzog, leader of the Nationalist Party, and Jan Smuts, leader of the South African Party, joined forces to form the United Party. He was the only Transvaal Nationalist MP not to follow Hertzog and became Transvaal leader of Daniel F. Malan's Purified Nationalist Party. When the Reunited Nationalist Party won the 1948 election, he was given the post of minister of lands and irrigation in Malan's cabinet, where he devoted himself to maintaining white supremacy in South Africa. On the retirement of Malan in 1954, Strijdom was chosen party leader by the parliamentary caucus, in preference to Malan's candidate, N.C. Havenga, and became prime minister. His succession marked the ascendancy of the party's extreme Transvaal wing over the more moderate Cape faction. He immediately announced his intention of making South Africa a republic when the time was ripe. His government pushed vigorously ahead with apartheid, radically changing the composition of the Senate in 1955, and by thus gaining the necessary two-thirds majority in a joint sitting of both houses of parliament, in 1956 placed the Cape Coloured voters on a separate electoral roll. He died in office.

Stringher, Bonaldo (b. Dec. 18, 1854, Udine, Italy - d. Dec. 24, 1930, Rome, Italy), treasury minister of Italy (1919). He was also director-general (1900-28) and governor (1928-30) of the Bank of Italy.

Ströbele

Ströbele, (Hans-)Christian (b. June 7, 1939, Halle, Germany - d. Aug. 30, 2022, Berlin, Germany), German politician. He was co-speaker of the Greens in 1990-91. A member of the Bundestag in 1985-87 and 1998-2017, he was the first (and until 2017 the only) representative of his party to have won direct election in a constituency (rather than entering through proportional representation), having carried a central Berlin district in 2002, 2005, 2009, and 2013.

Stroessner

Stroessner (Matiauda), Alfredo (b. Nov. 3, 1912, Encarnación, Paraguay - d. Aug. 16, 2006, Brasília, Brazil), president of Paraguay (1954-89). Commissioned in the Paraguayan army in 1932, he fought in the Chaco War (1932-35) and afterward rose to the rank of general and in 1951 was made commander in chief. In 1954 he deposed Pres. Federico Chaves and, after an election in which he was the only candidate, assumed the presidency himself. Rigging his reelection every five years, he had the constitution modified in 1967 and 1977 to legitimize his continuing rule. He made Paraguay a refuge for fellow right-wing dictators, including Anastasio Somoza Debayle of Nicaragua, and Nazi war criminals, including Josef Mengele, the infamous "Angel of Death" at Auschwitz. He modernized the country through big public works projects funded by the International Monetary Fund and World Bank, including the massive Itaipú Dam built (1975-82) with neighbouring Brazil along the border. But most of the new wealth did not reach average citizens; much was spent on a military establishment necessary to preserve his authority. He participated in "Operation Condor," a network of right-wing military governments, secretly supported by U.S. intelligence agencies, to crush leftist dissidents across South America. He was elected to an eighth term as president in 1988 but by that time members of the ruling Colorado Party, his main tool of political control, began to distance themselves from him. He tried to stamp out the dissent by ordering many military officers to retire and trying to force retirement on a powerful army commander, Gen. Andrés Rodríguez. Instead, Rodríguez led a coup on Feb. 2, 1989. Stroessner surrendered and went into exile in Brazil. Brazil twice denied extradition requests from Paraguay.

Stroganov, Graf Aleksandr (Grigoryevich) (b. Jan. 11, 1796 [Dec. 31, 1795, O.S.], St. Petersburg, Russia - d. Aug. 14 [Aug. 2, O.S.], 1891, Odessa, Russia [now in Ukraine]), interior minister of Russia (1839-41); son of Graf Grigory Stroganov; brother of Graf Sergey Stroganov. He was also governor-general of Chernigov, Poltava, and Kharkov (1836-39), St. Petersburg (1854), and Novorossiya and Bessarabia (1855-62).

Stroganov, Graf Aleksey (Grigoryevich) (b. March 26 [March 15, O.S.], 1797, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. Dec. 29, 1879, Paris, France), Russian diplomat; son of Graf Grigory Stroganov; brother of Graf Aleksandr Stroganov and Graf Sergey Stroganov. He was chargé d'affaires (1842-45) and minister (1845-48) to Portugal.

Stroganov, Graf Grigory (Aleksandrovich) (b. Sept. 24 [Sept. 13, O.S.], 1770, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. Jan. 19 [Jan. 7, O.S.], 1857, St. Petersburg), Russian diplomat. He was minister to Spain (1805-10), Sweden (1812-16), and the Ottoman Empire (1816-21). He was made Graf (count) in 1826.

Stroganov, Graf Sergey (Grigoryevich) (b. Nov. 19 [Nov. 8, O.S.], 1794, Moscow, Russia - d. April 9 [March 28, O.S.], 1882, St. Petersburg, Russia), acting governor-general of Moscow (1859); son of Graf Grigory Stroganov.

Strøm, Boye Christian Riis (b. June 18, 1847, Grue, Hedemarkens amt [now in Innlandet fylke], Norway - d. July 2, 1930), governor of Tromsø amt (1889-1914).

Ström, Carl Mathias (b. May 28, 1849, Ljusdal, Gävleborg, Sweden - d. July 11, 1926), acting governor of Gävleborg (1908-11) and governor of Västernorrland (1911-18).

Strøm-Erichsen, Anne-Grete (Hjelle) (b. Oct. 21, 1949, Bergen, Norway), defense minister of Norway (2005-09, 2012-13). She was also mayor of Bergen (1999-2000) and minister of health and care services (2009-12).

Stromberg, Alexander friherre, originally Alexander Brattman (b. Sept. 11, 1647, Jönköping, Sweden - d. Feb. 2, 1718, Nydala socken, Jönköping, Sweden), governor of Västernorrland (1704-16); brother of Niels Jönsson greve Stromberg. He was ennobled under the name Strömberg in 1674 and made friherre (baron) Stromberg in 1699.

Stromberg, Nils Jönsson greve, originally Nils Brattman (b. March 25, 1646, Jönköping, Sweden - d. Aug. 16, 1723, Östra Vingåker socken, Södermanland, Sweden), governor-general of Estonia (1706-09). He was ennobled under the name Strömberg in 1674 and made friherre (baron) Stromberg in 1699, then greve (count) in 1706.

Stromberg, Per Adam friherre (b. Feb. 14, 1751, Forsby, Gävleborg, Sweden - d. Dec. 14, 1838, near Umeå, Västerbotten, Sweden), governor of Västerbotten (1795-1811); grandson of Alexander friherre Stromberg.

Strömfelt, Carl Harald friherre (b. May 20, 1709, Jönköping, Sweden - d. June 7, 1775, Torönsborg, Östergötland, Sweden), governor of Blekinge (1752-69) and Östergötland (1769-75); grandson of Harald friherre Strömfelt.

Strömfelt, Fredrik Georg greve (b. Dec. 25, 1738 - d. Aug. 14, 1814, Helsingborg, Malmöhus [now in Skåne], Sweden), governor of Östergötland (1783-1810); son of Carl Harald friherre Strömfelt.

Strömfelt, Harald friherre (b. 16... - d. April 20, 1707), governor of Skaraborg (1695-1707). He was made friherre (baron) in 1696.

Strömfelt, Otto Reinhold friherre (b. Jan. 15, 1679 - d. April 3, 1746, Stockholm, Sweden), governor of Västerbotten (1719) and Kopparberg (1719-23). He was made friherre (baron) in 1720.

Strömmer, Gunnar (Sören Folke) (b. Sept. 19, 1972, Örnsköldsvik, Västernorrland, Sweden), justice minister of Sweden (2022- ).

Strong, Caleb (b. Jan. 9, 1745, Northampton, Massachusetts Bay [now Mass.] - d. Nov. 7, 1819, Northampton), governor of Massachusetts (1800-07, 1812-16).

Strong, John Clifford (b. Jan. 14, 1922 - d. Sept. 24, 2003), governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands (1978-82).

Strong, John F(ranklin) A(lexander) (b. Oct. 15, 1856, Salmon Creek, N.B. - d. July 27, 1929, Seattle, Wash.), governor of Alaska (1913-18).

Stronski, Stanislaw (b. Aug. 18, 1882, Nisko, near Sandomierz, Poland - d. Oct. 3, 1955, London, England), deputy prime minister of Poland in exile (1939). He was also minister of information (1940-43).

Stropnický

Stropnický, Martin (b. Dec. 19, 1956, Prague, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), defense minister (2014-17) and foreign minister and a deputy prime minister (2017-18) of the Czech Republic. He has also been ambassador to Portugal (1993-94), Italy (1994-97), the Vatican (1999-2002), and Israel (2018- ) and culture minister (1998).

Strougal, Lubomír (b. Oct. 19, 1924, Veselí nad Luznicí, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic] - d. Feb. 6?, 2023), prime minister of Czechoslovakia (1970-88). He was also minister of agriculture, forestry, and waterways (1959-61) and interior (1961-65) and a deputy premier (1968).

Stroyev, Aleksey (Ivanovich) (b. 1886, Kishinev, Russia [now Chisinau, Moldova] - d. [executed] 1937), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Moldavian A.S.S.R. (1925-26).

Ye. Stroyev

Stroyev, Yegor (Semyonovich) (b. Feb. 25, 1937), first secretary of the party committee (1985-89) and head of the administration (1993-2009) of Oryol oblast. He was also chairman of the Federation Council of Russia (1996-2001).

Struck, Peter (b. Jan. 24, 1943, Göttingen, Germany - d. Dec. 19, 2012, Berlin, Germany), defense minister of Germany (2002-05).

Struensee, Johann Friedrich greve (b. Aug. 5, 1737, Halle, Prussia [now in Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany] - d. [executed] April 28, 1772, Copenhagen, Denmark), minister of state of Denmark (1770-72).

Struve, Berngard (Vasilyevich), German Bernhard von Struve (b. 1827, Dorpat, Russia [now Tartu, Estonia] - d. Feb. 24 [Feb. 12, O.S.], 1889, St. Petersburg, Russia), governor of Astrakhan (1857-61) and Perm (1865-70).

Struve, Kirill (Vasilyevich), German Karl von Struve (b. Nov. 26 [Nov. 14, O.S.], 1835, Dorpat, Russia [now Tartu, Estonia] - d. June 23, 1907, Germany), Russian diplomat; brother of Berngard Struve; son-in-law of Nikolay Annenkov. He was minister-resident (1874-76) and minister (1876-82) to Japan and minister to the United States (1882-92) and the Netherlands (1892-1905).

Struve, Pyotr (Berngardovich) (b. Feb. 7 [Jan. 26, O.S.], 1870, Perm, Russia - d. Feb. 26, 1944, Paris, France), foreign minister of Russia ("White" government) (1920); son of Berngard Struve. He was a member of the State Duma in 1907.

Struycken

Struycken, Teun, byname of Anton Arnold Marie Struycken, originally spelled (until June 16, 1953) Struiken (b. Dec. 27, 1906, Breda, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands - d. Dec. 1, 1977, The Hague, Netherlands), governor of the Netherlands Antilles (1951-56). He was also Dutch justice minister (1950-51, 1958-59, 1966-67) and deputy prime minister and interior minister (1956-59).

Struye, Paul (Victor Antoine) (b. Sept. 1, 1896, Ghent, Belgium - d. Feb. 16, 1974, Ixelles [now in Brussels-Capital region], Belgium), justice minister of Belgium (1947-48). He was also chairman of the Senate (1950-54, 1958-73).

Struzik, Adam (Krzysztof) (b. Jan. 1, 1957, Kutno, Poland), Polish politician. He was marshal of the Senate (1993-97).

Strzoda, Patrick (b. Jan. 5, 1952, Thann, Haut-Rhin, France), personal representative of the French co-prince of Andorra (2017-24). He was also prefect of the French départements of Hautes-Alpes (2002-04), Deux-Sèvres (2004-05), Hauts-de-Seine (2009-11), Corse-du-Sud (2011-13), and Ille-et-Vilaine (2013-16).

Stuart, Andrew (Christopher) (b. Nov. 30, 1928 - d. Jan. 27, 2014), British resident commissioner of the New Hebrides (1978-80). He was ambassador to Finland in 1980-83.

Stuart, Charles Gage (b. Feb. 2, 1887 - d. July 2, 1970), head of the British military government of Guernsey (1945).

Stuart, Edwin S(ydney) (b. Dec. 28, 1853, Philadelphia, Pa. - d. March 21, 1937, Philadelphia), governor of Pennsylvania (1907-11).

F. Stuart

Stubb

Stuart, Freundel (Jerome) (b. April 27, 1951, St. Philip, Barbados), home affairs minister (2008-10) and prime minister (2010-18) of Barbados. He was leader of the Democratic Labour Party in 2010-18.

Stuart, Henry C(arter) (b. Jan. 18, 1855, Wytheville, Va. - d. July 24, 1933, Elk Garden, Va.), governor of Virginia (1914-18).

Stubb, (Cai-Göran) Alexander (b. April 1, 1968, Helsinki, Finland), foreign minister (2008-11), prime minister (2014-15), finance minister (2015-16), and president (2024- ) of Finland. He was also minister of European affairs and foreign trade (2011-14) and leader of the National Coalition Party (2014-16).

Stubbs, Sir (Reginald) Edward (b. Oct. 13, 1876, Oxford, England - d. Dec. 7, 1947, Bearsted, Kent, England), governor of Ceylon (1913 [acting], 1915-16 [acting], 1918 [acting], 1933-37), Hong Kong (1919-25), Jamaica (1926-32), and Cyprus (1932-33); knighted 1919.

Stubbs, Walter R(oscoe) (b. Nov. 7, 1858, near Richmond, Ind. - d. March 25, 1929, Topeka, Kan.), governor of Kansas (1909-13).

Stuckart, Wilhelm (b. Nov. 16, 1902, Wiesbaden, Germany - d. [car accident] Nov. 15, 1953, near Hannover, West Germany), interior minister of Germany (1945).

Stucky, Georg (Heinrich) (b. Oct. 6, 1930 - d. Aug. 29, 2020), Landammann of Zug (1983-84).

Studeman

Sturanovic

Studeman, William O(liver) (b. Jan. 16, 1940, Brownsville, Texas), acting CIA director (1993, 1995). He was director of the National Security Agency in 1988-92 and deputy CIA director from April 1992 to July 1995.

Stukalin, Boris (Ivanovich) (b. May 4, 1923, Chupovka, Tambov province, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. July 28, 2004, Moscow, Russia), Soviet politician. He was chairman of the State Committee for Publishing, Printing, and Book Trade (1972-82) and ambassador to Hungary (1985-90).

Sturanovic, Zeljko (b. Jan. 31, 1960, Niksic, Montenegro - d. June 30, 2014, Paris, France), prime minister of Montenegro (2006-08). In 2001-06 he was justice minister.

D. Sturdza

Sturdza(-Miclausanu), Dimitrie (Alexandru) (b. March 22 [March 10, O.S.], 1833, Miclauseni, Moldavia [now in Romania] - d. Oct. 21 [Oct. 8, O.S.], 1914, Bucharest, Romania), prime minister of Romania (1895-96, 1897-99, 1901-05, 1907-09). The scion of a great boyar family, he became secretary to the Moldavian divan ad hoc of 1857 and then secretary to the commission of 1858 that prepared the de facto unification of Moldavia and Walachia under Alexandru Ioan Cuza. He later opposed the agrarian reform sponsored by Alexandru Ioan, the first prince of united Romania, and brought about his abdication (1866) and his replacement by Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, thereafter Carol I. He was minister of finance (1866, 1870-71, 1877, 1878-80, 1881, 1888, 1902), agriculture, commerce, and public works (1866-67, 1876-78), foreign affairs (1882-85, 1895-96, 1897-99, 1901-02, 1904 [acting], 1907-09), interior (1882-84, 1896), public works (1882-85), cults and education (1885-88), agriculture, industry, commerce, and domains (1899), and war (1901-05) and president of the Senate (1897). As foreign minister, in 1883, he signed a secret treaty with Austria-Hungary and Germany. Chairman of the Liberal Party from 1892 to 1909, he served four times as prime minister. He represented the narrowest nationalism, and through his enmity to all that was "alien" did more than any other man to retard the political and industrial development of the country. He severely suppressed a peasant rising in 1907, at the cost of some 10,000 lives. He was also a longtime member and president (1882-84) of the Romanian Academy.

Sturdza, (Print [Prince]) Mihail (R.) (b. Aug. 28, 1886 - d. Feb. 5, 1980, Madrid, Spain), foreign minister of Romania (1940). He was also minister to Latvia, Estonia, and Finland (1932-35) and Denmark (1938-39).

Sturdza, Skarlat (Dmitriyevich) (b. May 8, 1750 - d. April 8, 1816), governor of Bessarabia (1812-13); grandson of Grigore II Matei Ghica.

Sturgeon

Sturgeon, Nicola (Ferguson) (b. July 19, 1970, Irvine, Scotland), first minister of Scotland (2014-23). She was leader of the Scottish National Party (2014-23).

Sturges Bourne, William, original surname (until 1803) Sturges (b. Nov. 7, 1769 - d. Feb. 1, 1845, Testwood House, near Southampton, England), British home secretary (1827). He was also first commissioner of woods and forests (1827-28).

Stürgkh, Karl Reichsgraf von (count of) (b. Oct. 30, 1859, Graz, Austria - d. [assassinated] Oct. 21, 1916, Vienna, Austria), prime minister of Austria (1911-16). He was also education minister (1909-11).

Sturm, Lovro (b. May 19, 1938, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia [now in Slovenia] - d. Dec. 2, 2021), justice minister of Slovenia (2004-08). He was also president of the Constitutional Court (1997-98) and minister of education and sport (2000).

Sturrock, (Frederick) Claud (b. May 25, 1882, Newport, Scotland - d. Aug. 4, 1958, Cape Town, South Africa), finance minister of South Africa (1948). He was also minister without portfolio (1936-38) and minister of railways and harbours (1939-43) and transport (1943-48).

Sturrock, Sir John (Christian Ramsay) (b. March 20, 1875 - d. Feb. 13, 1937), acting governor of Uganda (1924-25) and resident commissioner of Basutoland (1926-35); knighted 1934.

Stürtz, Emil (b. Nov. 15, 1892, Wiebs, Ostpreussen, Prussia, Germany [now in Poland] - d. [in Soviet captivity] Dec. 31, 1945), Oberpräsident of Brandenburg (1936-45) and of Grenzmark Posen-Westpreussen (1936-38).

Sturua, Georgy (Fyodorovich) (b. June 18 [June 6, O.S.], 1884, Kulashi, Kutaisi province, Russia [now in Georgia] - d. April 1, 1956, Tbilisi, Georgian S.S.R.), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Georgian S.S.R. (1941-48). He was also executive secretary of the Communist Party committee of Abkhazia (1925-28) and people's commissar of justice (1929-31) and first deputy premier (1938-41) of the Georgian S.S.R.

Sturza, Eugen (b. Dec. 15, 1984), defense minister of Moldova (2017-19).

Sturza, Ioan Alexandru, byname Ionita Sandu Sturza (b. 1762 - d. Feb. 3, 1842, Iasi, Moldavia [now in Romania]), prince of Moldavia (1822-28).

I. Sturza

Sturza, Ion (b. May 9, 1960, Pirjolteni village, Calaras district, Moldavian S.S.R. [now Moldova]), prime minister of Moldova (1999). From 1997 he was a member of the presidential Supreme Economic Board. In 1998 he was elected to the Moldovan parliament on the list of the centrist Bloc for Democratic and Prosperous Moldova (headed by Dumitru Diakov). In April 1998 he was appointed deputy premier and minister of economy and reform in Ion Ciubuc's government. During his work in the government, Sturza was a member of the Presidium of the Inter-State Economic Committee of the CIS Economic Union. In 1999 Pres. Petru Lucinschi named him prime minister, but later that year a new parliamentary majority of Communists, nationalists, and pro-Lucinschi deputies voted to oust his centre-right government after a standoff over measures demanded by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Deputies' final rejection of laws on privatizing the tobacco and wine-making sectors and amendments to the 1999 budget prompted the IMF to suspend its loan programme until further notice.

Sturza, Mihai Grigore (b. April 14, 1795, Iasi, Moldavia [now in Romania] - d. May 8, 1884, Paris, France), prince of Moldavia (1834-49).

Sturza, Vasile (b. March 13, 1953, Cabalesti, Moldavian S.S.R.), justice minister of Moldova (1994-98). He was also ambassador to Bulgaria, Albania, Serbia and Montenegro, and Macedonia (2003-05), Russia (2005-08), and Kazakhstan (2006-08).

Stuttaford, Richard (b. June 13, 1870, Cape Town, Cape Colony [now in South Africa] - d. Oct. 19, 1945, Stellenbosch, Cape [now in Western Cape], South Africa), interior minister of South Africa (1936-39). He was also minister without portfolio (1933-36) and minister of health (1936-39) and commerce and industries (1939-42).

Styles, John (Michael), acting governor of Saint Helena (2004).

Stylianidis, Christos (b. June 26, 1958, Nicosia, Cyprus), Cypriot/Greek politician. He has been EU commissioner for humanitarian aid and crisis management (2014-19) and Greek minister of climate crisis and civil protection (2021- ).

Su

Su Tseng-chang, Pinyin Su Zhenchang (b. July 28, 1947, Pingtung, southern Taiwan), premier of Taiwan (2006-07, 2019-23). He served as magistrate of Pingtung county (1989-93) and Taipei county (1997-2005) and was chairman of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) in 2005 and 2012-14. He resigned as premier in 2007 after being defeated by Frank Hsieh in the DPP presidential primary. He instead became the candidate for vice-president in 2008, but the ticket was defeated.

Suárez (Aranzolo), (José) Eduardo (Daniel Felipe) (b. Jan. 3, 1895, Texcoco, México, Mexico - d. Sept. 19, 1976, Mexico City, Mexico), finance minister of Mexico (1935-46). He was also ambassador to the United Kingdom (1965-70).

Suarez, Francis X(avier) (b. Oct. 6, 1977, Miami, Fla.), mayor of Miami (2017- ). In June 2023 he joined the race for the 2024 Republican presidential nomination, dropping out already in August.

Suárez, Marco Fidel (b. April 23, 1855, Hatoviejo [now Bello], Antioquia, Colombia - d. April 3, 1927, Bogotá, Colombia), foreign minister (1891-95, 1914-17) and president (1918-22) of Colombia. He was also minister of education (1911-12).

Suárez Bastidas, Jaime (León) (b. Aug. 23, 1931, San Bernardo, Chile - d. Oct. 28, 1993, Santiago, Chile), interior minister of Chile (1972). He was also secretary-general of government (1970-72).

Suárez del Toro Rivero, Juan Manuel (b. Sept. 28, 1952, Las Palmas, Canarias, Spain), president of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2001-09).

Suárez Fernández, Miguel (Ángel) (b. July 5, 1903, Placetas, Las Villas, Cuba - d. Jan. 22, 1968, New York City), foreign minister of Cuba (1951). He was also president of the Senate (1945-50).

Suárez Flamerich, Germán (b. April 10, 1907, Caracas, Venezuela - d. June 24, 1990, Caracas), chairman of the military junta of Venezuela (1950-52). He was ambassador to Peru in 1950.

A. Suárez

Suárez González, Adolfo, duque de Suárez (b. Sept. 25, 1932, Cebreros, near Ávila, Spain - d. March 23, 2014, Madrid, Spain), prime minister of Spain (1976-81). He moved into politics in the 1960s as an employee of the Ávila civil government and was civil governor of Segovia and provincial head of the National Movement (the only legal political party) in 1968-69. In 1969 he became director of the national television system, and in 1973 president of the national tourism bureau. In March 1975 he was appointed deputy secretary-general of the National Movement and in December, after the death of dictator Francisco Franco, became secretary-general, with cabinet rank. In July 1976 he was appointed to head Spain's second government under King Juan Carlos I. Despite his Francoist background, he pursued moderate policies. In 1977 he challenged Francoist sentiment in the military by legalizing the Socialist and Communist parties, called Spain's first free elections since 1936, and formed the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD), which won the elections. The push for autonomy by several of Spain's regions and Basque terrorist activity increasingly plagued his government. Following the adoption of a new constitution in a 1978 referendum, he called new elections for 1979. The UCD failed to win an overall majority in the Cortes, but he managed to patch up a workable leadership with the help of moderate regional parties from Catalonia and independent politicians. He failed to end terrorism by Basque separatists who assassinated almost 100 people in 1980. The UCD lost ground in municipal elections, and he resigned as premier and party leader in 1981. He was then created duque de Suárez. In 1982 he founded a new political party, the Democratic and Social Centre, which had limited success; he resigned as its leader in 1991.

Suárez Inclán y González Villar, Félix (b. June 23, 1854, Avilés, Asturias, Spain - d. 1939, Madrid, Spain), finance minister of Spain (1912-13, 1923). He was also minister of agriculture, industry, commerce, and public works (1902).

Suárez Maldonado, José Manuel (b. June 17, 1966), acting governor of La Guaira (2021).

Suárez Mujica, Eduardo (b. April 23, 1859, Santiago, Chile - d. April 22, 1922, Santiago), foreign minister of Chile (1917-18). He was also minister of justice and education (1908-09), minister to Mexico and Cuba (1910-11), and minister (1911-14) and ambassador (1914-16) to the United States.

Suárez Pertierra, Gustavo (b. Feb. 27, 1949, Cudillero, Oviedo province, Spain), defense minister of Spain (1995-96). He was also minister of education and science (1993-95).

Suassuna, Francisco de Paula Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, barão e visconde de (b. June 10, 1793, Jaboatão [now Jaboatão dos Guararapes], Pernambuco, Brazil - d. Jan. 28, 1880, Recife, Pernambuco), president of Pernambuco (1826-27 [acting], 1828 [acting], 1832 [acting], 1834 [acting], 1835-37, 1838 [acting]) and war minister of Brazil (1840-41). He was made baron in 1841 and viscount in 1860.

Suassuna, João (Urbano Pessoa de Vasconcellos) (b. Jan. 19, 1886, Catolé do Rocha, Paraíba, Brazil - d. [assassinated] Oct. 9, 1930, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), president of Paraíba (1924-28).

Suazo Córdova, Roberto (b. March 17, 1927, La Paz, Honduras - d. Dec. 22, 2018, near Tegucigalpa, Honduras), president of Honduras (1982-86). In 1979, on the death of Modesto Rodas Alvarado, he became general coordinator of the Liberal Party. In April 1981, he was selected as candidate for the Liberal Party at their convention and also became president of the Constituent Assembly. In the Nov. 29, 1981, presidential elections he defeated Ricardo Zúñiga Augustinus, leader of the right-wing National Party. His Liberal Party gained an absolute majority in the 78-seat National Assembly. The election of a civilian after 17 years of almost continuous military rule (the last civilian president had been overthrown in 1972 after only 18 months in office) was greeted with relief both within the country and by other nations, especially the U.S. At his inauguration on Jan. 27, 1982, he reiterated his campaign promise to carry out "a revolution of work and honesty" and pledged to provide a "government of high public morality." He was strongly anti-Communist and favoured closer relations with the U.S. But his ambitions, to reactivate the sluggish economy and restore peace, were frustrated on two fronts: in the economic sphere by low foreign credit and commodity prices and politically by increased tension on the country's border with El Salvador and Nicaragua. Ultimate power appeared to lie not in the hands of the president but with the hardline commander in chief of the army, Gustavo Adolfo Álvarez Martínez. Internal security deteriorated after the president came to power, and Suazo found it difficult to consolidate his position within the country. In December 1982 his daughter was kidnapped by guerrillas and released only after an anti-U.S. statement had been published in Mexican and Central American newspapers.

Subandrio (b. Sept. 15, 1914, Kepanjen, Netherlands East Indies [now in Jawa Timur, Indonesia] - d. July 3, 2004, Jakarta, Indonesia), foreign minister of Indonesia (1957-66). He worked with the anti-Japanese underground during World War II and then in the postwar Indonesian struggle against the Dutch. He served as ambassador to the United Kingdom (1950-54) and to the Soviet Union (1954-56), intelligence chief (1959-65), and first deputy prime minister (1963-66), and from 1960 was Pres. Sukarno's heir apparent. As foreign minister, he insisted on Jakarta's neutrality, welcoming aid, both economic and military, from East and West as long as it came without strings. He was accused by the army's right-wing leadership of supporting a mutiny on Sept. 30, 1965, in which six top generals were killed. He was arrested in March 1966 and sentenced to death in a brief trial. He always denied any involvement in the plot. The sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in 1982 upon the intervention of the British government. He was released from jail in 1995 because of failing health.

Subanov, Myrzakan (Usurkanovich) (b. Oct. 15, 1944, Tash-Tyube village, Talas rayon, Kirgiz S.S.R.), defense minister of Kyrgyzstan (1993-99).

Subasinghe, Tikiri Banda (b. Aug. 14, 1913, Sandalankawa, Ceylon [now Sri Lanka] - d. 1995), Sri Lankan politician. He was speaker of parliament (1960), ambassador to the Soviet Union (1961-65), and minister of industries and scientific affairs (1970-77).

Subba, Ranadhir (b. January 1909, Panthar, eastern Nepal - d. Feb. 7, 1992), foreign minister of Nepal (1985-86). He was also ambassador to China (1965-74).

Subbarayan, P(aramasiva) (b. Sept. 11, 1889, Salem district, Madras province [now in Tamil Nadu state], India - d. Oct. 6, 1962, Madras [now Chennai], India), governor of Maharashtra (1962). He was also Indian ambassador to Indonesia (1949-51) and minister of transport and communications (1959-62).

Subbotich, Dean (Ivanovich) (b. May 19, 1852, Vienna, Austria - d. 1920, Zagreb, Yugoslavia [now in Croatia]), governor-general of Priamurye (1902-03) and Turkestan (1905-06). He was also military governor of Primorye oblast (1897-98) and Zakaspiyskaya oblast (1901-02).

Subercaseaux Errázuriz, Luis (b. May 10, 1882, Santiago, Chile - d. ...), Chilean diplomat; son of Ramón Subercaseaux Vicuña. He was ambassador to Peru (1934-39, 1942-45), the Vatican (1945-51), and Spain (1951-53) and chargé d'affaires in South Africa (1951).

Subercaseaux Pérez, Antonio (b. Dec. 8, 1869, Santiago, Chile - d. Dec. 2, 1908, Santiago), finance minister of Chile (1905); nephew of Ramón Subercaseaux Vicuña.

Subercaseaux Pérez, (Ramón) Guillermo (del Carmen) (b. April 14, 1872, Santiago, Chile - d. March 6, 1959, Santiago), finance minister of Chile (1907, 1919-20, 1923-24); brother of Antonio Subercaseaux Pérez; nephew of Ramón Subercaseaux Vicuña. He was also president of the Central Bank (1933-38).

Subercaseaux Vicuña, Ramón (b. April 10, 1854, Valparaíso, Chile - d. Jan. 19, 1937, Viña del Mar, Chile), foreign minister of Chile (1915-16). He was also minister to Germany (1897-1903) and ambassador to the Vatican (1924-30).

Subervie, Jacques Gervais, baron (b. Sept. 1, 1776, Lectoure [now in Gers département], France - d. March 10, 1856, Ligueux, Gironde, France), war minister of France (1848). He was made baron in 1810.

Subianto, Bambang (b. Jan. 10, 1945, Madiun, Netherlands East Indies [now in Jawa Timur, Indonesia] - d. Nov. 4, 2022, Jakarta, Indonesia), finance minister of Indonesia (1998-99).

Subianto (Djojohadikusumo), Prabowo (b. Oct. 17, 1951, Jakarta, Indonesia), defense minister of Indonesia (2019- ); son of Sumitro Djojohadikusumo; son-in-law (1983-98) of Suharto. He was an unsuccessful presidential candidate in 2014 and 2019 before winning in 2024.

Subowo, Eko (b. March 21, 1960, Yogyakarta, Indonesia), acting governor of Papua Barat (2017) and Sumatera Utara (2018).

Subramaniam

Subramaniam, Chidambaram (b. Jan. 30, 1910, Pollachi, near Coimbatore [now in Tamil Nadu], India - d. Nov. 7, 2000, Chennai, India), Indian politician. In the early 1930s he was drawn to the independence movement led by Mohandas Gandhi and left his law career to devote himself to India's struggle to free itself from British rule. He was imprisoned in 1942 when Gandhi was leading the Quit India Movement to pressure the British to give up India. After India gained independence in 1947, Subramaniam was elected to serve in the assembly that drafted the new nation's constitution. In 1952 he immersed himself in politics in his home state and became a leader in what was then the Madras Legislative Assembly. In 1962 he returned to national politics. He was elected to serve in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of parliament, and held ministerial positions in various Congress party governments: steel and heavy industries (1962-64), mines (1963-64), food and agriculture (1964-67, 1974), science and technology (1971-74), planning (1971-72), industrial development (1972-74), finance (1974-77), and defense (1979-80). He employed his formidable skills as a political persuader and administrator to spread the use of a new wheat variety to more than a million Indian farmers in the mid-1960s, when he was minister for food and agriculture. India had been heavily dependent on wheat imports, but the "green revolution" produced sharp increases in harvests that enabled India to better feed its rapidly growing population. His singular achievement was to convince the prime minister at the time, Lal Bahadur Shastri, and other political colleagues that seeds for a wheat variety with dwarfing genes, which were developed by the scientist Norman Borlaug in Mexico with support from the Rockefeller Foundation, could transform Indian farming. Even with larger applications of fertilizer to increase the number of grains on each stalk, dwarf wheat could hold up grain, while the stalks of taller varieties broke. He was also governor of Maharashtra (1990-93).

Subroto (b. Sept. 19, 1928, Surakarta, Netherlands East Indies [now Indonesia] - d. Dec. 20, 2022, Jakarta, Indonesia), secretary-general of OPEC (1988-94). He was also Indonesian minister of resettlement and cooperatives (1971-73), manpower, transmigration, and cooperatives (1973-78), and mines and energy (1978-88).

Sucharda, Bohumil (b. April 20, 1914, Tuhan, Austria [now in Czech Republic] - d. February 2009), finance minister of Czechoslovakia (1967-69).

Sucharipa, Ernst (b. July 24, 1947, Vienna, Austria - d. June 20, 2005, Vienna), Austrian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1993-98) and ambassador to the United Kingdom (2004-05).

Suchinda

Suchinda Kraprayoon (b. Aug. 6, 1933, Bangkok, Siam [now Thailand]), prime minister of Thailand (1992).

Suchocka

Suchocka, Hanna (b. April 3, 1946, Pleszew, near Poznan, Poland), prime minister of Poland (1992-93). In 1980 she joined the Sejm (parliament) as a member of the Communist-allied Democratic Party. She opposed the martial law imposed in 1981, and after voting against the 1984 law banning Solidarity, she was expelled from the Democratic Party. She ran for parliament on the Solidarity ticket in 1989 and later became a member of Tadeusz Mazowiecki's centre-left Democratic Union. She was little known when she was asked to serve as prime minister in July 1992. She was seen as acceptable to the fundamentalist Roman Catholic parties (she had been a sponsor of a church-supported bill to outlaw abortion) as well as the moderates in the Sejm. She became Poland's first woman prime minister, leading a coalition of seven parties descending from the Solidarity movement, notably the Democratic Union, the church-based Christian National Union, and the centre-right Liberal Democratic Congress. Her government faced its first crisis at the end of July, when a wave of industrial strikes erupted. By early September, however, leaders of the biggest strike - at a car factory in Tychy - had scaled back their wage demands. She welcomed the passage in August of constitutional amendments allowing the government to seek special powers to issue decrees equal in rank to Sejm laws. Labour troubles erupted again at year's end with rail and coal strikes. In May 1993 she lost a no-confidence vote. Solidarity, which normally supported the coalition, called the vote, accusing the government of ignoring ordinary workers while carrying out tough market reforms. After new elections, she was replaced as prime minister by Waldemar Pawlak in October. In 1997-2000 she was justice minister and in 2001-13 Polish ambassador to the Holy See.

Sucre (y Alcalá), Antonio José (Francisco) de (b. Feb. 3, 1795, Cumaná, New Granada [now in Venezuela] - d. June 4, 1830, Berruecos, Great Colombia [now in Colombia]), supreme military chief of Peru (1823) and president of Bolivia (1826-28). He joined (1811) the forces fighting for independence from Spain and rose to be the chief lieutenant of Simón Bolívar. Bolívar sent him to the Quito region (now Ecuador), where he won (1822) the brilliant victory of Pichincha. Accompanying Bolívar to Peru, he distinguished himself in the revolutionary victory of Junín (August 1824). Bolívar was absent, and Sucre was the chief commander when the battle of Ayacucho was fought (December 1824), assuring the independence of Peru and in effect all of Spanish South America. Known for his kindness, honesty, and modesty, it was against his own will that, with the adoption of a constitution in 1826, he became the first president of Bolivia. He resigned after a rebellion in 1828 and returned to Quito. He fought for Great Colombia, defeating a Peruvian invasion by winning the Battle of Girón (1829), but his efforts to prevent Venezuela from seceding failed. On his way home from the "Admirable Congress" at Bogotá, of which he had been president, he was waylaid and assassinated, probably by Colombian partisans who wished to be rid of Bolívar's possible successor. Sucre, the constitutional capital of Bolivia, is named after him.

Sucre Figarella, José Francisco (b. April 6, 1931, Tumeremo, Venezuela - d. July 2007), Venezuelan diplomat/politician; brother of Leopoldo Sucre Figarella. He was ambassador to West Germany (1976-80), Poland (1981-84), Austria (1986-88), Italy (1989-90), Switzerland (mid-1990s), and Russia (late 1990s), permanent representative to the United Nations (1984-85), and minister of culture (1988-89).

Sucre Figarella, Leopoldo (b. Aug. 1, 1926, Tumeremo, Bolívar, Venezuela - d. Oct. 16, 1996, Caracas, Venezuela), governor of Bolívar (1960-62). He was also Venezuelan minister of public works (1962-69) and communications (1975-76) and minister of state and president of the Corporación Venezolana de Guayana (1985-92).

Sucuoglu

Sudani

Sucuoglu, Faiz (b. Aug. 27, 1961, Paphos, Cyprus), prime minister of North Cyprus (2021-22). He has also been minister of tourism (2015-16), health (2016-18), and labour and social security (2019-20) and leader of the National Unity Party (2021- ).

Sudani, Muhammad Shia al- (b. 1970, Baghdad, Iraq), prime minister of Iraq (2022- ). He was also governor of Maysan (2009-10) and minister of human rights (2010-14) and labour and social affairs (2014-17).

Sudarenkov, Valery (Vasilyevich) (b. June 13, 1940, Nizhny Gorky, Kaluga oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), governor of Kaluga oblast (1996-2000). He was also first secretary of the party committees of Kaluga city (1984-86) and Kaluga oblast (1990-91) and a deputy premier of the Uzbek S.S.R. (1986-90).

Sudarsono (b. May 9, 1911, Salatiga, Netherlands East Indies [now in Jawa Tengah, Indonesia] - d. June 6, 1976, Jakarta, Indonesia), home affairs minister of Indonesia (1946). He was also a minister of state (1946-47) and ambassador to India (1950-53).

J. Sudarsono

Sudibyo

Sudarsono, Juwono (b. March 5, 1942, Ciamis, Netherlands East Indies [now in Jawa Barat, Indonesia]), defense minister of Indonesia (1999-2000, 2004-09); son of Sudarsono. He was environment minister (1998) in the last cabinet of Pres. Suharto at a time when Indonesia faced huge international pressure to stop choking smog from massive forest fires in Sumatra and Borneo. He then was education and culture minister (1998-99) in Pres. B.J. Habibie's government, dealing with repeated anti-government protests by students, before becoming Indonesia's first civilian defense minister for decades. He was also ambassador to the United Kingdom (2003-04).

Sudharmono (b. March 12, 1927, Gresik, Netherlands East Indies [now in Jawa Timur, Indonesia] - d. Jan. 25, 2006, Jakarta, Indonesia), vice president of Indonesia (1988-93). He was also acting minister of information (1977-78) and home affairs (1982-83) and chairman of Golkar (1983-88).

Sudibyo, Bambang (b. Oct. 8, 1952, Temanggung, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia), finance minister of Indonesia (1999-2000). He was chairman of the economic advisory board of the National Mandate Party and a member of the board of directors of the Centre for Strategy and Policy Studies in Yogyakarta. He was also on the board of the leading Muslim organization Muhammadiyah. In 2004-09 he was minister of national education.

Sudiro (b. April 24, 1911, Yogyakarta, Netherlands East Indies [now Indonesia] - d. April 12, 1992, Jakarta, Indonesia), governor of Sulawesi (1951-53) and Jakarta (1953-60).

Sudiyenko, Iosif (Mikhailovich) (b. Aug. 8 [July 27, O.S.], 1830, Ochkino, Chernigov province, Russia [now in Sumy oblast, Ukraine] - d. Dec. 17 [Dec. 5, O.S.], 1892, Moscow, Russia), governor of Vladimir (1876-92); grandson of Mikhail Miklashevsky.

Sudrajat, Edi (b. April 22, 1938, Jambi, Netherlands East Indies [now Indonesia] - d. Dec. 1, 2006, Jakarta, Indonesia), defense minister of Indonesia (1993-98). Earlier in his career, he fought Communist activists and separatist insurgencies in Irian Jaya and Maluku. He was once considered a prime candidate to become Suharto's vice president, but the staunch nationalist was destined to remain a military man. He was army chief of staff in 1988-93. He won praise for calling on soldiers to remain professional in their duties, to protect citizens and not to use their power to pursue business interests.

Sudre, Camille (b. 1948), president of the Regional Council of Réunion (1992-93).

Sudre, Margie, byname of Marguerite Sudre, née Demaiche (b. Oct. 17, 1943, Vinh, Vietnam), president of the Regional Council of Réunion (1993-98); wife of Camille Sudre.

Sudreau, Pierre (b. May 13, 1919, Paris, France - d. Jan. 22, 2012, Paris), president of the Regional Council of Centre (1976-79). He was also French minister of construction (1958-62) and education (1962) and mayor of Blois (1971-89).

Sudsai Hasdin (b. 1920? - d. Aug. 12, 2001), Thai political figure. A major general in the cavalry, he founded the Red Gaurs in 1974 after student protests toppled military dictator Thanom Kittikachorn and forced him into exile. It was one of several vigilante groups backed by conservatives in the military and the ruling class afraid of a Communist takeover. The Red Gaur, made up mostly vocational school students, served as shock troops in attacking left-wing activists and breaking up their meetings. The group also took part in a raid on Thammasat University in October 1976, when students were protesting Thanom's return from exile. About 100 protesters were lynched, shot, or burned to death, and the disorder was used as an excuse for the military to oust a democratically elected government. Security agencies mostly turned a blind eye to the often activities of the Red Gaurs and other vigilantes. Dozens of left-wing activists were assassinated in the 1973-76 period. The Red Gaur gradually faded from the political scene after 1976, and Sudsai later served as head of the Express Transportation Organization, a state enterprise, as a cabinet minister, and as a senator.

Suebu, Barnabas, byname Bas Suebu (b. April 29, 1946, Sentani, Netherlands East Indies [now in Papua, Indonesia]) governor of Irian Jaya (1988-93) and Papua (2006-11). He was also Indonesian ambassador to Mexico, Honduras, and Panama (1999-2002).

Sued Ismail, Amri: see Ismail, Amri Sued.

Suematsu, Kencho, in full Shishaku (Viscount) Kencho Suematsu (b. Sept. 30 [Aug. 20, lunar calendar], 1855, Buzen province [in present Fukuoka prefecture], Japan - d. Oct. 5, 1920), home affairs minister of Japan (1900-01); son-in-law of Hirobumi Ito. He was also minister of communications (1898). He was made baron (1895) and viscount (1907).

Sueno, Ismael (Dres), byname Mike Sueno (b. July 23, 1947, Koronadal, Cotabato [now in South Cotabato], Philippines), interior secretary of the Philippines (2016-17). He was also mayor of Koronadal (1980-86) and governor of South Cotabato (1986-92).

Suescún Monroy, Eduardo (b. April 4, 1934, El Cocuy, Boyacá, Colombia - d. Nov. 7, 2019, Bogotá, Colombia), justice minister of Colombia (1986-87). He was also ambassador to Switzerland (1987-88) and Hungary (1988-91).

Suetsugu, Nobumasa (b. June 30, 1880, Yamaguchi prefecture, Japan - d. Dec. 29, 1944, Tokyo, Japan), home affairs minister of Japan (1937-39).

Suga, Tatsuro (b. Sept. 29, 1924 - d. Jan. 17, 2015), governor of Kagoshima (1996-2004).

Y. Suga

Suga, Yoshihide (b. Dec. 6, 1948, Akinomiya village [now part of Yuzawa], Akita prefecture, Japan), internal affairs minister (2006-07) and prime minister (2020-21) of Japan. He was also chief cabinet secretary (2012-20).

Suger (Cofiño), (José) Eduardo (b. Nov. 29, 1938, Zürich, Switzerland), Guatemalan presidential candidate (2003, 2007, 2011).

Sugimoto, Tatsuji (b. July 31, 1962), governor of Fukui (2019- ).

Sugiura, Seiken (b. July 26, 1934, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan), justice minister of Japan (2005-06).

Sugiyama, Gen, also called Hajime Sugiyama (b. Jan. 2, 1880, Kokura, Fukuoka, Japan - d. [suicide] Sept. 12, 1945, Tokyo, Japan), war minister of Japan (1937-38, 1944-45). He was also chief of the general staff (1940-44).

Sugiyama, Peter L(awrence Naoya) (b. April 19, 1943 - d. June 10, 2007), Palauan presidential candidate (2000). He was Senate president in 1993-96.

Suharto

Suharto, ([from 1991:] Haji Mohamed), also spelled Soeharto (b. June 8, 1921, Kemusu Argamulja, Java, Netherlands East Indies [now Indonesia] - d. Jan. 27, 2008, Jakarta, Indonesia), president of Indonesia (1967-98). He joined the Dutch colonial army and graduated from its noncommissioned officers school. After the Japanese conquest in 1942 he switched to a Japanese-sponsored defense corps, receiving training as an officer, but by 1945 he was involved in the anti-Japanese rebellion. With Japan's surrender he fought in the guerrilla forces resisting Dutch efforts to regain control. During President Sukarno's flirtations with Communism in the 1960s, the army became strongly identified as anti-Communist; and, as major general and head of the Indonesian army strategic command, Suharto led the army in putting down a Communist coup attempt on Sept. 30, 1965. In the following months hundreds of thousands of Communists were massacred throughout the country. Suharto took control of the Indonesian government on March 12, 1966, under an emergency powers act, though Sukarno remained nominal president for another year. In March 1967 the Consultative Congress appointed Suharto acting president, and in March 1968 it elected him to a five-year term as president. He was also defense minister (1966-69). His modernization programs brought roads, electricity, and irrigation systems to the most remote areas of the country, and there was steady economic growth. He was reelected every five years without opposition; his regime remained authoritarian. In 1975-78 his government forcibly incorporated East Timor into Indonesia; some 100,000 Timorese were killed. In 1997-98 Indonesia was severely affected by the Asian financial crisis, and there was increasing public disgust with Suharto's cronyism; after months of student-led pro-democracy demonstrations, he resigned in May 1998. His trial for corruption was canceled because of his illness.

Suherman, Gatot (b. Jan. 1, 1929, Yogyakarta, Netherlands East Indies [now Indonesia] - d. Feb. 16, 2007, Mataram, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia), governor of Nusa Tenggara Barat (1978-88).

Suhr

Suhr, Otto (Ernst Heinrich Hermann) (b. Aug. 17, 1894, Oldenburg, Germany - d. Aug. 30, 1957, West Berlin), governing mayor of (West) Berlin (1955-57).

Suhrawardy

Suhrawardy, Huseyn Shaheed (b. Sept. 8, 1893, Midnapur, Bengal [now in West Bengal], India - d. Dec. 5, 1963, Beirut, Lebanon), chief minister of East Bengal (1946-47) and prime minister and defense minister of Pakistan (1956-57). He was also minister of law (1954-55) and ambassador to Spain (1955-56).

Suissa, Eli(yahu) (b. 1956, Morocco), interior minister of Israel (1996-99). He was also minister of religious affairs (1996-97, 1998-99), national infrastructure (1999-2000), and Jerusalem affairs (2001-02, 2002-03).

Suja, Stanislav (b. Nov. 13, 1940, Víglas, Slovakia), Czechoslovak diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1981-83) and ambassador to the United States (1983-85).

Sukala, Valyantsin, Russian Valentin (Olegovich) Sukalo (b. Aug. 16, 1942, Minsk, Belorussian S.S.R.), justice minister of the Belorussian S.S.R. (1988-89) and Belarus (1994-97). From 1997 he is chairman of the Supreme Court.

Sükan, Mehmet Faruk (b. 1921, Karaman, Turkey - d. Jan. 3, 2005, Ankara, Turkey), interior minister of Turkey (1965-69). He was also mayor of Eregli (1957-60), minister of health (1965), and a deputy prime minister (1978-79).

Sukarno

Sukarno, (Ahmed¹), also spelled Soekarno, byname Bung Karno (b. June 6, 1901, Surabaja, Java, Netherlands East Indies [now Surabaya, Indonesia] - d. June 21, 1970, Jakarta, Indonesia), president of Indonesia (1945-67). Originally named Kusno Sosro, he was given what was hoped to be a more auspicious name, Sukarno, after a series of childhood illnesses. For his challenge to Dutch colonialism he was jailed in Bandung (1929-31) and exiled on Flores and Sumatra (1933-42). Liberated by the Japanese after their 1942 invasion, he became their chief adviser and propagandist. As the collapse of Japan became imminent, he was kidnapped and persuaded by activist youths to declare Indonesia's independence (Aug. 17, 1945). As president of the shaky new republic, he led the ultimately successful struggle against the Dutch attempt to regain control; independence was recognized on Dec. 27, 1949. He neglected economic reconstruction, although gains were made in health, education, and national self-awareness. After 1956 he suppressed the country's original parliamentary system and instead ordained an authoritarian "Guided Democracy" and "Guided Economy" based on political concepts known by acronyms like Resopim, Nasakom, and Manipol-Usdek. In January 1965 he withdrew from the United Nations because it recognized Malaysia, which he had vowed to crush. On Sept. 30, 1965, a clique of Communist and military conspirators staged a coup attempt in which six top generals were kidnapped and murdered. General Suharto, the commander of the Jakarta garrison, swiftly put down the coup. An oblique contest for power between Suharto and Sukarno ensued. Sukarno, who was alleged to have been involved in planning the coup, was obliged to delegate wide powers to Suharto in 1966 and was finally deposed in 1967 and sank into disgrace.
¹ While he has often been referred to as Ahmed (or Ahmad, Achmed, Achmad) Sukarno, he himself disclaimed it, saying once in a speech: "When did I get the name Ahmad? As I recall my parents gave me only the name Sukarno... I repeat that my name is just Sukarno." And similarly, in an autobiography: "Sukarno is, therefore, my real and only name. Some stupid newspaperman once wrote my first name was Achmed. Ridiculous. I am just Sukarno."

Sukarnoputri

Sukarnoputri, (Dyah Permata) Megawati (Setyawati) (b. Jan. 23, 1947, Jakarta, Indonesia), president of Indonesia (2001-04); daughter of Sukarno. She entered parliament in 1987 as a representative of the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI), becoming its leader in 1993. Although not known as a particularly effective politician, she became the best known opponent of the regime of President Suharto, who had replaced her father in 1967. In June 1996 the government engineered her removal from the PDI leadership, disqualifying her from running in presidential elections scheduled for 1998. In July her supporters were attacked by government soldiers, and her party headquarters were raided, triggering riots. She was then barred from running in the 1996 parliamentary elections. After Suharto resigned in May 1998, Megawati and her supporters, in October, formed the left-of-centre Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (PDI-P), which topped the 1999 parliamentary elections with 34% of the vote. When B.J. Habibie, the unpopular interim president, withdrew, it was widely expected that the People's Consultative Assembly would elect her as president, but instead it chose Abdurrahman Wahid, head of the National Awakening Party; she was chosen as vice president. In 2000 Wahid, facing growing criticism, transferred much of the day-to-day running of the government to her; in 2001 the assembly deposed him and made her president. She was defeated in Indonesia's first direct presidential elections in 2004. These polls themselves, cementing the country's transition to democracy, were seen as the main achievement of her presidency, which was otherwise marked by aloofness and a seeming disinterest in the affairs of government. Her rule was also blighted by three major terrorist attacks, including the Bali bombings of October 2002 in which 202 people were killed. She ran again unsuccessfully in 2009.

Sukati, Samuel Thornton Msindazwe (b. June 11, 1910, Manzini district, Swaziland [now Eswatini] - d. March 22, 1977), Swazi official. He was speaker of the House of Assembly (1967-68), permanent representative to the United Nations (1968-70), ambassador to the United States and high commissioner to Canada (1968-73), and ambassador to Mozambique (1975-77).

Suker, Ivan (b. Nov. 12, 1957, Gornji Rujani, Bosnia and Herzegovina - d. Sept. 5, 2023), finance minister of Croatia (2003-10). He was also a deputy prime minister (2009-10).

Sukhadia, Mohan Lal (b. July 31, 1916, Jhalawar [now in Rajasthan], India - d. Feb. 2, 1982, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India), chief minister of Rajasthan (1954-67, 1967-71) and governor of Karnataka (1972-76), Andhra Pradesh (1976), and Tamil Nadu (1976-77).

Sükhbaatar

Sükhbaatar, Damdiny, Sükhbaatar also spelled Sühbaatar, or Sukhe Bator (b. Feb. 2, 1893, Tsetsen Khan aymag, Mongolia - d. Feb. 22, 1923, Urga [now Ulaanbaatar], Mongolia), Mongolian leader. Joining the Mongolian army in 1912, he stood out from the other recruits and was selected for the army's elite machine-gun company. He proved himself a natural leader, was quickly promoted, and received the honorific title Baatar ("Hero") for fighting against pro-Japanese forces. He served until December 1919, and soon became involved in politics, organizing a group of revolutionaries, which in the following year united with another group led by Khorloogiyn Choybalsan. The establishment of Ünen, the first newspaper in Mongolia, in 1920 is also ascribed to him. Having visited Russia in 1920, he in March 1921 co-founded the Mongolian People's Party (later renamed Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party) and organized the People's Army to oppose the Chinese as well as the defeated Russian anti-Bolshevik forces that were occupying northern Mongolia under the command of Baron Roman Ungern von Shternberg. The People's Army, supported by Red Army forces, took Urga on July 6, and the provisional government that had been formed in March was replaced by a permanent one, with Sükhbaatar as minister of war. He died young, officially due to illness although there have been theories that he was poisoned. Thereafter he was portrayed as a major revolutionary hero. A city in northern Mongolia and a province in the east were named after him. He was not knocked from his pedestal after the end of the socialist era in 1990, being still credited for his role in establishing an independent Mongolia.

Sükhbaataryn

Sükhbaataryn Yanjmaa, originally Nemendeyn Yanjmaa (b. Feb. 15, 1893 - d. 1962), Mongolian politician; widow of Damdiny Sükhbaatar. She was elected a deputy chairman of the State Great Khural in 1951.

Sukhee, Sukhbold (b. Oct. 30, 1976, Orkhontuul soum, Selenge province, Mongolia), Mongolian diplomat. He has been permanent representative to the United Nations (2015- ).

Sukhikh, Valery (Aleksandrovich) (b. May 29, 1965, Perm, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the government of Perm kray (2008-11).

Sukhodolsky, Sergey (Petrovich) (b. 1845 - d. af. 1907), governor of Volyn (1892-96) and Kovno (1896-99).

Sukhomlinov, Nikolay (Aleksandrovich) (b. Aug. 8 [July 27, O.S.], 1850, Volyn province, Russia [now in Ukraine] - d. 1918), governor-general of the Steppes (1915-17); brother of Vladimir Sukhomlinov. He was also governor of Orenburg (1911-15).

Sukhomlinov, Vladimir (Aleksandrovich) (b. Aug. 16 [Aug. 4, O.S.], 1848, Telsze, Russia [now Telsiai, Lithuania] - d. Feb. 2, 1926, Berlin, Germany), governor-general of Kiev, Podolia, and Volyn (1905-08) and war minister of Russia (1909-15). He was also chief of the General Staff (1908-09).

Sukhorukova, Vera (Nikolayevna) (b. Aug. 10, 1951, Vydrikha, Vostochno-Kazakhstan oblast, Kazakh S.S.R. - d. Dec. 19, 2020), acting head of Vostochno-Kazakhstan oblast (1997). She was also mayor of Ust-Kamenogorsk (1999-2003).

Sukhotin, Nikolay (Nikolayevich) (b. Nov. 9 [Oct. 28, O.S.], 1847 - d. 1918), governor-general of the Steppes (1901-06).

Sukhozanet, Nikolay (Onufriyevich) (b. 1794 - d. July 22, 1871, near Kaluga, Russia), war minister of Russia (1856-61). He was also acting viceroy of Poland (1861).

Sukhu

Sukhu, Sukhwinder Singh (b. March 26, 1964, Nadaun tehsil, Kangra district [now in Hamirpur district], Himachal Pradesh, India), chief minister of Himachal Pradesh (2022- ).

Sukich Nimmanheminda (b. Nov. 25, 1906, Chiang Mai, Siam [now Thailand] - d. Feb. 2, 1976, Bangkok, Thailand), deputy prime minister of Thailand (1958, 1973-74). He was also minister of industry (1949-52), economic affairs (1957-58), and education (1969-71) and ambassador to India, Nepal, Ceylon, and Afghanistan (1959-63) and the United States (1963-67).

Suklje

Suklje, Borut (b. June 24, 1958, Ljubljana, Slovenia), interior minister of Slovenia (1999-2000). He was also culture minister (1992-93) and ambassador to Yugoslavia (2001-04).

Suknarov, Nikola (Hristov) (b. Dec. 21, 1848, Svishtov, Ottoman Empire [now in Bulgaria] - d. Oct. 10, 1894, Sofia, Bulgaria), interior minister of Bulgaria (1885). He was also chairman of the National Assembly (1880) and mayor of Sofia (1883).

Sukovic, Mijat (b. Feb. 13, 1930, Lipovo, near Kolasin, Yugoslavia [now in Montenegro] - d. [following traffic accident] Nov. 16, 2011, Podgorica, Montenegro), a deputy premier of Yugoslavia (1982-86).

Sukrija, Ali, Albanian Ali Shukri (b. Sept. 12, 1919, Kosovska Mitrovica, Yugoslavia [now in Kosovo, Serbia] - d. Jan. 6, 2005, Belgrade, Serbia), chairman of the Executive Council (1963-67) and president of the Presidency (1981-82) of Kosovo and president of the Presidium of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1984-85).

Sukselainen, Vieno Johannes, byname Jussi Sukselainen (b. Oct. 12, 1906, Paimio, Finland - d. April 6, 1995, Espoo, Finland), finance minister (1950-51, 1954), interior minister (1951-53), prime minister (1957, 1959-61), and acting foreign minister (1961) of Finland. He was also speaker of parliament (1956-57, 1958, 1968-70, 1972-76) and president of the Nordic Council (1972, 1977).

Sukthankar, Yeshwant Narayan (b. Aug. 24, 1897 - d. 1973), governor of Orissa (1957-62). He was also cabinet secretary of India (1953-57).

Sukys, Raimondas (b. Oct. 27, 1966, Siauliai, Lithuanian S.S.R.), interior minister of Lithuania (2006-07 and [acting] 2012). In 2007 he resigned along with police commissioner-general Vytautas Grigaravicius a few days after an automobile collision in Skuodas in which a police officer killed three ten-year-old boys. He was minister of health in 2010-12.

Sulayman, Hikmat (b. 1889, Baghdad, Ottoman Empire [now in Iraq] - d. 1964), prime minister of Iraq (1936-37). He was also speaker of parliament (1925) and minister of interior (1926, 1933, 1936-37) and justice (1928-29).

Sule, (Mueen) Olayinka (b. May 4, 1948, in present Ogun state, Nigeria - d. Aug. 23, 2020, Lagos, Nigeria), administrator of Jigawa (1991-92).

Suleiman, Dan (b. July 30, 1942, Guyuk [now in Adamawa state], Nigeria - d. Feb. 1, 2023, Abuja, Nigeria), governor of Plateau (1976-78). He was also Nigerian ambassador to Russia (2004-08).

M. Suleiman

Suleiman, Michel, Arabic in full Mishal Nihad Sulayman (b. Nov. 21, 1948, Amchit, Lebanon), president of Lebanon (2008-14). He was also commander of the armed forces (1998-2008).

Suleiman, Muhammad Sedki, or Mohamed Sidky Soliman, Arabic Muhammad Sidqi Sulayman (b. 1919 - d. March 28, 1996), prime minister of Egypt (1966-67). He was also minister of the Aswan High Dam (1962-66), industry, electricity, and the Aswan High Dam (1967-68), energy and the Aswan High Dam (1968-70), a deputy prime minister (1967-68), and head of the Central Audit Organization (1971-78).

Suleiman bin Dato' Abdul Rahman, Tan Sri (b. Feb. 27, 1912, Johor Bahru, Johor [now in Malaysia] - d. Nov. 6, 1963, Melbourne, Vic.), interior minister (1957-61) and justice minister (1957-59) of Malaya; son of Dato' Abdul Rahman bin Mohamed Yasin. He was also minister of local government, housing, and town planning (1955-57) and high commissioner to Australia (1961-63). He was awarded the title Tan Sri in 1959.

Süleyman Refet Pasha, Arnavud (b. 1807 - d. December 1864), war minister of the Ottoman Empire (1845). He was also ambassador to France (1846-48), minister of commerce (1848-49) and navy (1849-51), and governor of Bursa (1852, 1856-61), Aleppo (1852-54), Aydin (1855-56), Damascus (1856), Adrianople (1861, 1864), and Vidin (1861-64).

Suleymenov, Kairbek (Shoshanovich) (b. May 12, 1949, Novosibirsk, Russian S.F.S.R.), interior minister of Kazakhstan (1995-2000, 2002-03).

Suleymenov, Tuleutay (Skakovich) (b. Oct. 1, 1941, Semipalatinsk, Kazakh S.S.R.), foreign minister of Kazakhstan (1991-94). He was ambassador to the United States (1994-96), Hungary (1996-2001, also accredited to Poland, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Romania), Belgium (2001-03, also accredited to the Netherlands and Luxembourg), and Poland (2003-05).

Sulík, Richard (b. Jan. 12, 1968, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia [now in Slovakia]), a deputy prime minister and economy minister of Slovakia (2020-21, 2021-22). He was also speaker of the National Council (2010-11) and acting foreign minister (2020).

Sulima, Nikolay (Semyonovich) (b. 1777 - d. Nov. 2 [Oct. 21, O.S.], 1840, St. Petersburg, Russia), governor-general of East Siberia (1833-34) and West Siberia (1834-36).

Sulimov, Aleksey (Yegorovich) (b. 1893, Minyar [now in Chelyabinsk oblast], Russia - d. [suicide] 1938), executive secretary of the Communist Party committee of Votyak autonomous oblast (1923); brother of Danil Sulimov.

Sulimov, Danil (Yegorovich) (b. Dec. 22 [Dec. 10, O.S.], 1890, Minyar [now in Chelyabinsk oblast], Russia - d. [executed] Nov. 27, 1937), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian S.F.S.R. (1930-37). He was also mayor of Perm (1918) and chairman of the Executive Committee (1923-26) and first secretary of the Communist Party committee (1926-27) of Uralsk oblast.

Suljkanovic, Jakub (b. Oct. 27, 1964, Srebrenik [now in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]), premier of Tuzla canton (2018-19).

Sulkevich, Suleiman, byname of Matvey (Aleksandrovich) Sulkevich (b. July 20, 1865, Kemeyshi, Vilna province, Russia [now in Hrodna voblast, Belarus] - d. [executed] July 15, 1920, Baku, Azerbaijan), head of the Crimean government under German occupation (1918).

Sullivan, Dan (b. June 16, 1951), mayor of Anchorage (2009-15); son of George Sullivan.

Sullivan, George (Murray) (b. March 31, 1922 - d. Sept. 23, 2009), mayor of Anchorage (1967-81).

Sullivan, James (b. April 22, 1744, Berwick, Massachusetts Bay [now in Maine] - d. Dec. 10, 1808, Boston, Mass.), governor of Massachusetts (1807-08).

Sullivan, John (b. Feb. 17, 1740, Somersworth, New Hampshire - d. Jan. 23, 1795, Durham, N.H.), president of New Hampshire (1786-88, 1789-90).

Sullivan, John (Joseph) (b. Nov. 20, 1959, Boston, Mass.), U.S. acting secretary of state (2018). He was also ambassador to Russia (2020-22).

Sullivan, Mike, byname of Michael John Sullivan (b. Sept. 22, 1939, Omaha, Neb.), governor of Wyoming (1987-95).

Sullivan, Reginald H. (b. March 10, 1876, Indianapolis, Ind. - d. Jan. 30, 1980, Indianapolis), mayor of Indianapolis (1930-35, 1939-43); son of Thomas L. Sullivan.

Sullivan, Sam (Christopher) (b. Nov. 13, 1959, Vancouver, B.C.), mayor of Vancouver (2005-08).

Sullivan, Thomas L(ennox) (b. Oct. 6, 1846, Indianapolis, Ind. - d. July 9, 1936, Indianapolis), mayor of Indianapolis (1890-93).

Sultan (ibn Abdul Aziz Al Saud) (b. Jan. 5, 1928 [official date], Riyadh, Nejd [now in Saudi Arabia] - d. Oct. 22, 2011, New York City), defense minister (1962-2011) and crown prince (2005-11) of Saudi Arabia; son of Abdul Aziz; brother of Fahd; half-brother of Abdullah. He was also governor of Riyadh (1947-53) and minister of agriculture (1953-55) and communications (1955-60).

Sultan (Ismail), Ahmed (b. April 14, 1923, Port Said, Egypt), a deputy prime minister of Egypt (1976-78). He was also governor of al-Minufiyah (1968-71) and minister of power (1971-76) and electric power and energy (1976-78).

Sultan Abdol Majid Mirza, Prince, styled (from 1892) Ain ud-Daula (b. 1845 - d. Nov. 23, 1926), interior minister (1903-04, 1910-11) and prime minister (1915, 1917-18) of Iran; grandson of Fath Ali Qajar.

Sultan ibn Ahmad (ibn Abdul Aziz Al Saud), Saudi prince; son of Ahmad. He is ambassador to Bahrain (2019- ).

Sultangaziyev, Marat (Yeleusizovich) (b. Feb. 24, 1976, Karaturuk, Alma-Ata oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.), head of Almaty oblast (2022- ).

Sultanov, Bakhyt (Turlykhanovich) (b. Nov. 29, 1971, Alma-Ata, Kazakh S.S.R. [now Almaty, Kazakhstan]), finance minister of Kazakhstan (2013-18) and head of Astana/Nur-Sultan city (2018-19). He was also minister of economy and budget planning (2007-10) and trade and integration (2019-22) and a deputy prime minister (2013-14, 2022).

Sultanov, Fayzulla (Valeyevich) (b. Oct. 15, 1922, Baydavletova, Bashkir A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Nov. 24, 1992, Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Bashkir A.S.S.R. (1967-90).

Sultanov, Gamid (Gasan ogly) (b. May 26, 1889, Shinykh-Ayrum, Yelizavetpol province, Russia [now in Azerbaijan] - d. [executed] Jan. 21, 1938), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Nakhichevan A.S.S.R. (1925-27). He was also people's commissar of interior (1920-21), industry and commerce (1923?-24?), and communal services (1930s) and director of the Central Statistic Bureau (1927-29) of the Azerbaijan S.S.R.

Sultanov, Kuanysh (Sultanovich) (b. May 12, 1945, Enbekshi, Taldy-Kurgan oblast, Kazakh S.S.R. [now in Almaty oblast, Kazakhstan]), Kazakh politician. He was minister of press and information (1991-93), a deputy prime minister (1993-94), and ambassador to China (1995-2001).

Sultanov, Marat (Abdyrazakovich) (b. Dec. 5, 1960, Frunze, Kirgiz S.S.R. [now Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan]), finance minister of Kyrgyzstan (1998-99, 2009-10).

Sultanov, Rasul (Dzhanbekovich) (b. July 22, 1973, Astrakhan, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the government of Astrakhan oblast (2017-19).

Sultanov, Sultan (Teymur ogly) (b. 1905 - d. [executed] Jan. 9, 1938), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Nakhichevan A.S.S.R. (1937).

Sultanov, Yerik (Khamzinovich) (b. March 24, 1956, Sergeyevsky rayon, Severo-Kazakhstan oblast, Kazakh S.S.R.), head of Severo-Kazakhstan oblast (2014-17).

Sultonov, Otkir (Tohtamurodovich), Russian Utkir (Tukhtamuradovich) Sultanov (b. July 14, 1939 - d. Nov. 29, 2015, Tashkent, Uzbekistan), prime minister of Uzbekistan (1995-2003). He was also minister of foreign economic relations (1992-95).

Sultygov, Magomed (Akhmedovich) (b. Jan. 28, 1944), acting head of the Provisional Administration of Ingushetia (1992-93).

Sulyok, Tamás (b. March 24, 1956, Kiskunfélegyháza, Hungary), president of Hungary (2024- ). He was also president of the Constitutional Court (2016-24).

Sulzer, William (b. March 18, 1863, Elizabeth, N.J. - d. Nov. 6, 1941, New York City), governor of New York (1913).

Sum Hieng (b. March 25, 1898, Triton, Cochinchina, French Indochina [now Chau Doc, Vietnam] - d. c. 1965), interior minister (1945, 1946) and deputy prime minister (1949-50) of Cambodia. He was also minister of religion and fine arts (1945-46) and economic affairs and planning (1949-50).

Sumah, Adikalie Foday (b. May 23, 1960), Sierra Leonean diplomat. He was ambassador to Guinea, Mali, and Niger (2009-16) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2016-18).

Sumaidy, Samir (Shakir Mahmood), also spelled Sumaidaie (b. 1943, Baghdad, Iraq), interior minister of Iraq (2004). He was also permanent representative to the United Nations (2004-06) and ambassador to the United States (2006-12).

Sumarlin, Johannes B(aptista) (b. Dec. 7, 1932, Ngadirejo, Netherlands East Indies [now in Jawa Timur, Indonesia] - d. Feb. 6, 2020, Jakarta, Indonesia), finance minister of Indonesia (1988-93). He was also minister of state for administrative reforms (1973-83), head of the National Development Planning Agency (1983-88), and chair of the Audit Board (1993-98).

Sumarno (Sosroatmodjo), also spelled Soemarno (b. April 24, 1911, Jember, Netherlands East Indies [now in Jawa Timur, Indonesia] - d. Jan. 9, 1991, Jakarta, Indonesia), governor of Jakarta (1960-64, 1965-66) and home affairs minister of Indonesia (1964-66).

Sumarno, also spelled Soemarno (b. July 4, 1913, Klaten, Netherlands East Indies [now in Jawa Tengah, Indonesia]), finance minister of Indonesia (1963-66). He was also governor of Bank Indonesia (1960-63).

Sumarokov, Pavel (Ivanovich) (b. 1760 - d. Oct. 6, 1846), governor of Vitebsk (1808-12) and Novgorod (1812-13).

Sumarokov-Elston, Graf Feliks (Nikolayevich) (b. Feb. 5 [Jan. 24, O.S.], 1820 - d. Nov. 11 [Oct. 30, O.S.], 1877, Kharkov, Russia [now Kharkiv, Ukraine]), governor of Kuban (1863-69); grandson-in-law of Pavel Sumarokov.

Sumarsono, Soni (b. Feb. 22, 1959, Tulungagung, Jawa Timur, Indonesia), acting governor of Sulawesi Utara (2015-16), Jakarta (2016-17, 2017), and Sulawesi Selatan (2018).

Sumauskas, Motiejus, Russian Motyeyus (Yuozovich) Shumauskas (b. Nov. 15 [Nov. 2, O.S.], 1905, Kovno, Russia [now Kaunas, Lithuania] - d. May 28, 1982, Vilnius, Lithuanian S.S.R.), chairman of the Council of Ministers (1956-67) and chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1967-75) of the Lithuanian S.S.R. He was also people's commissar of local industry (1940-41), a deputy premier (1941-47), chairman of the State Planning Committee (1944-50), first secretary of the party committee of Siauliai oblast (1950-53), and first deputy premier (1953-54).

Sumaye

Sumaye, Frederick (Tluway) (b. May 29, 1950, Hanang district, Arusha region, Tanganyika [now in Tanzania]), prime minister of Tanzania (1995-2005). He was also minister of agriculture, livestock development, and cooperatives (1994-95).

Sumer, (Mustafa) Nurullah Esat (b. 1899, Smyrna, Ottoman Empire [now Izmir, Turkey] - d. Sept. 30, 1973, Istanbul, Turkey), finance minister of Turkey (1944-46).

Sumi, Eisaku (b. May 20, 1920, Uozu, Toyama, Japan - d. Dec. 20, 1986), justice minister of Japan (1983-84).

Sumin, Pyotr (Ivanovich) (b. June 21, 1946, Sanarka, Chelyabinsk oblast, Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Jan. 6, 2011, Chelyabinsk, Russia), chairman of the executive committee (1990-91) and head of the administration (1997-2010) of Chelyabinsk oblast. He was also mayor of Chelyabinsk (1984-87).

Sumita, Nobuyoshi (b. Feb. 20, 1935 - d. June 13, 2009), governor of Shimane (1987-2007).

Summerfield

Summerfield, Arthur E(llsworth) (b. March 17, 1899, Pinconning, Mich. - d. April 26, 1972, West Palm Beach, Fla.), U.S. politician. He first became active in Republican politics during Wendell Willkie's campaign for the presidency in 1940. In July 1949 he was appointed to the chairmanship of the Republican strategy committee and he was chairman of the Republican National Committee in 1952-53. On Nov. 25, 1952, President-elect Dwight D. Eisenhower selected Summerfield to serve as U.S. postmaster general, and he held the post throughout the Eisenhower administration (1953-61). From 1954 on he made strenuous efforts to secure from Congress an increase in postal rates in order to cut the post office department's annual deficit. In 1958 his requests were finally granted by Congress, which voted to increase first-class postage from 3 cents to 4 cents an ounce and airmail postage from 6 cents to 7 cents, plus other increases effective Aug. 1, 1958.

Summers, Sir Gerald Henry (b. Oct. 12, 1885 - d. Nov. 29, 1925), governor of British Somaliland (1922-25); knighted 1925.

Summers, Lawrence H(enry) (b. Nov. 30, 1954, New Haven, Conn.), U.S. treasury secretary (1999-2001).

Summers, Susan, formerly Susan Faed, née Williams (b. June 7, 1933), tenant of Jethou (1964-71).

Sumner, Charles (b. Jan. 6, 1811, Boston, Mass. - d. March 11, 1874, Washington, D.C.), U.S. politician. He took little interest in politics until the threatened extension of slavery over newly acquired territory. In 1848 he joined with others to form the Free Soil Party. Nominated for Congress, he was defeated by the Whig candidate but in 1851 was elected to the U.S. Senate by the combined Free Soil and Democratic votes of the Massachusetts legislature, a post he held for the rest of his life. Alone in the Senate as the uncompromising opponent of slavery, in 1856 he delivered his notable anti-slavery speech called "The Crime against Kansas." A master of invective, he singled out as his special victim Sen. Andrew P. Butler of South Carolina, who was not there to reply. Two days later he was severely beaten with a cane in the Senate chamber by Rep. Preston S. Brooks from South Carolina, a cousin of Butler, leaving him incapacitated for nearly four years. The secession of the southern states left the Republican Party (which he had been important in organizing) in full control of both houses of Congress and in 1861 he was elected chairman of the Senate committee on foreign relations. He supported the Reconstruction policies of the Radical Republicans, favoured the impeachment of Pres. Andrew Johnson (1868), and opposed Pres. Ulysses S. Grant's project for the acquisition of Santo Domingo (1870). His criticisms of Grant's administration created a rift with leading Republican politicians and led to his removal (1871) from the chairmanship of the foreign affairs committee. He then helped organize the short-lived Liberal Republican Party and supported Horace Greeley as candidate for the presidency in 1872.

Sumner, Edwin V(ose) (b. Jan. 30, 1797, Boston, Mass. - d. March 21, 1863, Syracuse, N.Y.), acting military governor of New Mexico (1852).

Sumner, Increase (b. Nov. 27, 1746, Roxbury, Massachusetts Bay [now Mass.] - d. June 7, 1799, Roxbury), governor of Massachusetts (1797-99).

Sun Baoqi (b. 1867, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China - d. Feb. 3, 1931, Shanghai, China), military governor of Shandong (1911) and foreign minister (1913-15), acting premier (1914), finance minister (1916), and premier (1924) of China.

Sun Chanthol (b. June 30, 1956, Koh Thom district, Kandal province, Cambodia), a deputy prime minister of Cambodia (2023- ); son of Men Sam An. He was also minister of public works and transport (2004-08, 2016-23) and commerce (2013-16).

Sun Chuanfang (b. April 17, 1885, Licheng [now part of Jinan], Shandong, China - d. [assassinated] Nov. 13, 1935, Tianjin, China), military governor of Fujian (1923-24), Zhejiang (1924-26), and Jiangsu (1925-27).

Sun Daoren (b. Feb. 1, 1867, Cili, Hunan, China - d. August 1932, Xiamen, Fujian, China), military governor of Fujian (1911-13). Having become civil governor of Fujian in the late Qing period, he was forced to declare independence and joined the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance when the revolutionary activists controlled the provincial government. He then was made military governor. In 1912 he was named president's councillor.

Sun Du (b. May 5, 1898, Luliang, Yunnan, China - d. April 1967), governor of Rehe (1948-49).

Sun Duosen (b. Jan. 23, 1867, Shou county, Anhui, China - d. July 6, 1919, Tianjin, China), governor of Anhui (1913). He kept devoting himself to the enterprises of China in the late Qing dynasty, believing this could save the country. Later he became a supporter of Yuan Shikai. His earliest post after the founding of the republic was president of the Bank of China. His governorship of Anhui was a failure as he fled from office when Kuomintang member Bai Wenwei regained control of the province. He then returned to business as general manager of the Zhongfu Bank.

Sun Hongyi (b. Nov. 17, 1872, Tianjin, China - d. March 26, 1936, Shanghai, China), education minister (1916) and interior minister (1916) of China. He was an official subordinated to Yuan Shikai in his early years. After the establishment of the republic, he assisted in the foundation of the Chinese United Republican Party, the Democratic Party, and later the pro-Yuan Progressive Party. He joined the Constitutional movement in 1917, turning against Duan Qirui, who refused to validate the abolished constitution. In 1920, he became a senior adviser in the southern government.

Sun Joun Yung (b. June 16, 1939), South Korean diplomat. He was ambassador to Czechoslovakia (1990-92) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2000-03).

Sun Liangcheng (b. June 22, 1893, Jinghai, Hebei [now in Tianjin municipality], China - d. May 10, 1951, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China), chairman of the government of Shandong (1928).

Sun Liechen (b. June 12, 1873, Heishan, Liaoning, China - d. April 25, 1924), governor of Heilongjiang (1919-21) and Jilin (1921-24). A general, he was a follower of Zhang Zuolin since his times as a bandit gang member in the late Qing dynasty. He held several important posts in the northeastern region dominated by Zhang after the founding of the republic. He was famous for his outstanding political and military talent and was considered the top adviser of Zhang.

Sun Yat-sen

Sun Yat-sen (Wade-Giles Sun I-hsien, Pinyin Sun Yixian), byname of Sun Wen, also called Sun Zhongshan, childhood name Sun Dixiang, register name Sun Deming (b. Nov. 12, 1866, Xiangshan, Guangdong, China - d. March 12, 1925, Beijing, China), Chinese leader. Seeing how China's maintenance of its traditional ways under the Qing dynasty led to its humiliation by the more technologically advanced nations, he founded the Revive China Society (Xingzhonghui) in Hawaii in 1894. The following year, taking advantage of the crisis following China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War, he went to Hong Kong and made his first effort at rebellion, plotting for an uprising in Guangzhou, the capital of his native province. After the scheme's failure he remained in exile for 16 years. His abortive kidnapping by Chinese government agents in London in 1896 gained him international fame. In 1905 he became head of the Revolutionary Alliance, or United League (Tongmenghui), founded in Tokyo. Various revolts he organized ended in failure. But when successful rebellions broke out in China in 1911, he returned and was elected provisional president by delegates meeting in Nanjing, taking office Jan. 1, 1912. Lacking military strength, he made a deal with Yuan Shikai, a powerful imperial minister. On February 12, the emperor abdicated; thereafter Sun resigned in favour of Yuan. But their entente did not last; in 1913 Sun staged an unsuccessful revolt against Yuan. In 1917 he went from Shanghai to Guangdong to launch a movement against Premier Duan Qirui. He was elected generalissimo of a counter-government, but had to resign in 1918, when he lost the support of the local warlord Lu Rongting. In 1923 he again installed himself as generalissimo. There was still considerable opposition to his authority when he died.

Sun Yue (b. 1878, Gaoyang, Hebei, China - d. May 27, 1928, Shanghai, China), civil governor of Henan (1924-25), military (1925) and civil (1926-27) governor of Shaanxi, and military and civil governor of Hebei (1925-26).

Sun Yun-suan, Pinyin Sun Yunxuan (b. Nov. 11, 1913, Penglai, Shandong, China - d. Feb. 15, 2006, Taipei, Taiwan), premier of Taiwan (1978-84). Previously he served as minister of communications (1967-69) and economic affairs (1969-78). Sun, who oversaw Taiwan's transition from an agricultural society to an export powerhouse, was widely believed to have been handpicked by Pres. Chiang Ching-kuo to be his successor, but suffered a stroke in 1984 that ended his political career.

Sun Yuyun (b. 1872, Shou county, Anhui, China - d. 1924, Kaifeng, Henan, China), governor of Anhui (1911-12). In 1906 he went to Japan, where he joined the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance. Back in China the following year, he tried to persuade a regiment of the Qing armed forces to rise up, but failed and was arrested. He was freed four years later upon the Wuchang Uprising. His earliest posts were undersecretary of the republican armed forces of Zhejiang, and then Anhui governor. After Yuan Shikai's government was established in Beijing, he became a senator of the provisional Senate, as well as the speaker of the Constitutional Congress. In 1915, showing his support of Yuan's imperial ambition, he founded a "Monarchy Preparing Organization" together with Yang Du. He was wanted by the central government in July 1916, just a month after Yuan's death, for his past pro-monarchy activities, but was soon remitted. In 1924, invited by Henan governor Hu Jingyi, he worked for the Henan provincial government in the city of Kaifeng.

Sunak

Sunario

Sunak, Rishi (b. May 12, 1980, Southampton, Hampshire, England), British chancellor of the exchequer (2020-22) and prime minister (2022- ). He was also chief secretary to the treasury (2019-20). Of Indian descent, he became Britain's first non-white and first Hindu prime minister and at 42 the youngest in 210 years.

Sunario (b. Aug. 28, 1902, Madiun, Netherlands East Indies [now in Jawa Timur, Indonesia] - d. May 18, 1997, Jakarta, Indonesia), foreign minister of Indonesia (1953-55). He was also ambassador to the United Kingdom (1956-61).

Sunarjo, R(aden) H(aji) A(hmad) (b. May 15, 1908, Sragen, Netherlands East Indies [now in Jawa Tengah, Indonesia] - d. Feb. 14, 1996, Yogyakarta, Indonesia), home affairs minister of Indonesia (1954-56, 1956-57). He was also minister of justice (acting, 1957) and agrarian affairs (1957-59).

Sunay

Sunay, Cevdet, original name Cevdet bin Islam Sabri Bey (b. Feb. 10, 1900, Trabzon, Ottoman Empire [now in Turkey] - d. May 22, 1982, Istanbul, Turkey), president of Turkey (1966-73). He fought in Palestine during World War I and, at the age of 17, was captured by the British. He later fought in the war of independence and served in various posts until his promotion to the rank of general in 1958. Following the army coup of 1960, he was appointed chief of staff and, with the restoration of civilian government in the following year, came to play a major role behind the scenes at a time when the army remained the dominant force in politics. In 1966, after Süleyman Demirel had taken office as prime minister, Sunay was persuaded to accept nomination to the Senate to facilitate his election as president. When Demirel's government fell in 1971, Sunay headed the interim military regime until civilian rule was restored in 1973. Throughout this period he acted as a moderating and stabilizing influence, mediating between rival political factions but never losing sight of the interests of the armed forces.

Sundby, Jon (b. June 8, 1883, Vestby, Akershus, Norway - d. Dec. 14, 1972, Vestby), finance minister of Norway (1932-33). He was also minister of agriculture (1931-32).

Sunde, Arne (Toralf) (b. Dec. 6, 1883, Kristiania [now Oslo], Norway - d. July 30, 1972, Oslo), Norwegian politician. He was minister of justice (1930-31, 1933-35), provisioning (1940-42), and shipping (1942-45) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1949-52).

Sunde, Elias (b. Oct. 2, 1851, Flekkefjord, Lister og Mandal amt [now in Agder fylke], Norway - d. July 2, 1910, Bad Nauheim, Germany), finance minister of Norway (1898-1900, 1901-03). He was also mayor of Kristiania (1895-97).

Sunde, Hjalmar Inge (b. Dec. 29, 1937), governor of Aust-Agder (1995-2007).

Sundelius, Ove (Roger Salomon) (b. June 24, 1921, Kristianstad, Kristianstad [now in Skåne], Sweden - d. May 27, 2015), acting governor of Örebro (1980).

Sunderland, Charles Spencer, (3rd) Earl of (b. April 23, 1675 - d. April 19, 1722, London, England), lord lieutenant of Ireland (1714-17). He was also British secretary of state for the Southern Department (1706-10) and the Northern Department (1717-18), lord privy seal (1715-16), lord president of the council (1717-19), and first lord of the treasury (1718-21). He succeeded as earl in 1702.

Sundlo, Konrad (Bertram Holm) (b. Jan. 1, 1880, Kristiansand, Lister og Mandal amt [now in Agder fylke], Norway - d. 1965), governor of Sogn og Fjordane (1944-45).

Sundlun, Bruce G(eorge) (b. Jan. 19, 1920, Providence, R.I. - d. July 21, 2011, Jamestown, R.I.), governor of Rhode Island (1991-95).

Sundquist

Sundquist, Don(ald Kenneth) (b. March 15, 1936, Moline, Ill. - d. Aug. 27, 2023, Memphis, Tenn.), governor of Tennessee (1995-2003). He volunteered for Howard Baker as early as 1964, when Baker lost a Senate race, and became active in the national Young Republicans organization. In 1982, he ran for Congress from the 7th District, which stretched from Memphis all the way to Nashville; he won 51%-49% over Bob Clement, carrying the white Memphis suburbs but losing the rural counties. He served on the Ways and Means Committee and opposed tax increases; he worked his rural counties with 100 "community days" a year. He was reelected easily. He had no trouble winning the Republican nomination for governor in 1994. The Democrats, not atypically, had a riproaring primary, won with 53% by Nashville mayor Phil Bredesen, who was helped when criminal charges were filed (though they were soon dropped) against Shelby County (Memphis) mayor Bill Morris. Bredesen was a formidable candidate, popular in Nashville - and in the state's largest media market - rich enough to self-finance his campaign generously. Moreover, the record of Democratic incumbent Ned McWherter was impressive: the passage of TennCare; 21st Century Schools, with teacher salary raises and more leeway for superintendents and principals in choosing teachers; no income tax (Tennessee is one of seven states without one). Sundquist was boosted by Lamar Alexander, Baker, and East Tennessee congressman Jimmy Quillen. Bredesen attacked Sundquist for indulging in the perquisites of Congress and for serving on the board of a retirement community that hired a felon to run it. But Sundquist swept in by a solid 54%-45% margin, losing Nashville but carrying the other big metro areas handily. He was reelected in 1998, defeating Democrat John Hooker 69%-29%.

Sundqvist, Ulf (Ludvig) (b. Feb. 22, 1945, Sipoo, Finland - d. April 22, 2023, Helsinki, Finland), Finnish politician. He was minister of education (1972-74, 1974-75) and trade and industry (1979-81) and chairman of the Social Democratic Party (1991-93).

Sundstein, Jógvan (b. May 25, 1933, Tórshavn, Faeroe Islands), prime minister of the Faeroe Islands (1989-91). He was also chairman of the Lagting (1980-84, 1988-89) and minister of finance and local government (1991-93).

Sungurlu, (Mahmut) Oltan (b. Aug. 24, 1936, Gümüshane, Turkey), justice minister (1986-87, 1987-88, 1989-91, 1997-98) and defense minister (1996) of Turkey.

Sunia

Sunia, Tauese (Tuailemafua) P(ita Fiti) (b. Aug. 29, 1941, Fagatogo, Tutuila island, American Samoa - d. March 26, 2003, on plane en route from Apia, Samoa, to Honolulu, Hawaii), governor of American Samoa (1997-2003); nephew of Tofilau Eti Alesana. The Democrat was elected governor in 1996 and reelected in 2000. He was conferred the Tuailemafua chiefly title in November 2002.

Sunila, Juho (Emil), originally Johan Emil Sunila (b. Aug. 16, 1875, Liminka, Finland - d. Oct. 2, 1936, Helsinki, Finland), prime minister of Finland (1927-28, 1931-32). He was also minister of agriculture (1922-24, 1925-26) and speaker of parliament (1930).

Suntai, Danbaba (Danfulani) (b. June 30, 1961, Suntai village, Bali local government area [now in Taraba state], Nigeria - d. June 28, 2017, Orlando, Fla.), governor of Taraba (2007-15). He survived a plane crash in 2012 and was thereafter incapacitated from running the state.

Sunthorn Hongladarom (b. Aug. 23, 1912, Nakhon Sawan, Siam [now Thailand] - d. Sept. 16, 2005), finance minister of Thailand (1959-67) and secretary-general of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (1972-77). He was also Thai ambassador to Malaya (1957-59), the United Kingdom (1968-69), and the United States (1969-72) and economy minister (1959, 1965-68).

Sunthorn K.

Sunthorn Kongsompong (b. August 1931, Ayutthaya, Thailand - d. Aug. 2, 1999, Bangkok, Thailand), Thai politician. The general led a coup in 1991 that toppled Thailand's civilian government, ushering in a period of military rule. Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan's government had been notorious for corruption. Pledging to clean up politics, the generals set up a National Peacekeeping Council with Sunthorn, supreme armed forces commander, as chairman. But he was generally seen as a figurehead, with real power in the hands of Gen. Suchinda Kraprayoon, the army commander. The military government proved as corrupt as the civilian administration that preceded it, and when Suchinda tried to appoint himself prime minister in 1992, tens of thousands of people poured into the streets of Bangkok in protest. Unlike anti-government protests in the 1970s that had been led by students, these were dominated by middle-class Thais sick of graft - a constituency the government could not afford to alienate. Masses of troops were ordered into Bangkok to restore order and ended up gunning down some 50 unarmed protesters. The protests were a watershed for Thai democracy. King Bhumibol Adulyadej intervened and Suchinda gave up power. Since then, the military has taken an increasingly diminished role in politics. Sunthorn, nicknamed "Big George," came through the bloodshed with the least tainted image among the coup leaders as he distanced himself from officers who ordered troops to fire on the demonstrators. He since lived in obscurity. Like other figures behind the National Peacekeeping Council, he went unpunished for the coup and for his alleged role in the massacre known as Bloody May.

Sununu, Chris(topher T.) (b. Nov. 5, 1974, Boston, Mass.), governor of New Hampshire (2017- ); son of John Sununu.

J. Sununu

Sununu, John (Henry) (b. July 2, 1939, Havana, Cuba), U.S. politician. In 1973 he became a Republican member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives and was appointed to the governor's Energy Council. He stayed on the council after leaving the House in 1974 and joined two other governor's boards in 1977. He left state government in 1978. In 1982 he was elected to the first of three consecutive two-year terms as governor of New Hampshire (1983-89). He used computers to control state spending and defended the controversial project of 16 electric utilities to build a nuclear generating plant at Seabrook, N.H. Gov. Michael Dukakis of Massachusetts opposed the project. Sununu did not seek reelection as governor in 1988 and was an outspoken supporter of George Bush for president. He campaigned in many states and made barbed attacks on Dukakis, Bush's opponent. President-elect Bush announced in November 1988 that he would appoint Sununu to be assistant to the president and chief of staff of the White House. Sununu was expected to become a promoter of the conservative agenda. Instead, he showed a remarkable ability to adjust to a secondary role, working on details for a president who seemed to have relatively little need for a chief of staff. Bush was accessible to ranking officials and planned his own calendar. Sununu claimed to express opinions on policy only when asked. A newcomer to Washington, Sununu was blamed by some Republicans for the Senate's rejection of John Tower as secretary of defense, but Sununu's reputation recovered. He came under fire in April 1991, however, following revelations that he had used U.S. military aircraft dozens of times to make political or personal trips. He resigned in December when he was blamed for the president's plummeting approval ratings.

Suominen, Ilkka (Olavi) (b. April 8, 1939, Nakkila, Finland - d. May 23, 2022), Finnish politician. He was speaker of parliament (1987, 1991-94), minister of trade and industry (1987-91), and president of the Nordic Council (1992).

Suonio, Kaarina (Elisabeth) (b. Feb. 7, 1941, Helsinki, Finland), governor of Häme (1994-97). She was also Finnish minister of education (1982-86).

Suorttanen, Sulo (Elias) (b. Feb. 13, 1921, Valkeala, Finland - d. Sept. 24, 2005, Kouvola, Finland), defense minister of Finland (1966-70).

Supachai

Supachai Panitchpakdi (b. May 30, 1946, Bangkok, Thailand), director-general of the World Trade Organization (2002-05). He was also a deputy prime minister (1992-95, 1997-2000) and minister of commerce (1997-2000) of Thailand and secretary-general of UNCTAD (2005-13).

Supinski, Leon (Wladyslaw) (b. Feb. 16, 1871, Golebiówka, Poland - d. March 2, 1950, Warsaw, Poland), justice minister of Poland (1918-19). He was also chairman of the Supreme Court (1929-39).

Suprajogi, (Dadang) (b. April 12, 1914, Bandung, Netherlands East Indies [now Indonesia] - d. Sept. 13, 1998, Jakarta, Indonesia), a deputy first minister of Indonesia (1962-63). He was also minister of state for economic stabilization (1958-59), minister of production (1959-63) and public works and energy (1962-66), and chairman of the Audit Board (1966-73).

Suprapto (b. Aug. 27, 1929, Jombang, Netherlands East Indies [now in Jawa Timur, Indonesia]), governor of Bengkulu (1979-89).

Supriyadi (b. April 13, 1923, Trenggalek, Netherlands East Indies [now in Jawa Timur, Indonesia] - d. 1945?), Indonesian rebel leader. He led an anti-Japanese revolt in Blitar in February 1945, after which he disappeared. Nevertheless, after the proclamation of Indonesian independence in August, he was appointed minister of security, and in October also commander of the armed forces. As he failed to appear, others were appointed to the positions in November.

Suprunyuk, Yevhen (Volodymyrovych) (b. Sept. 25, 1955, Tuapse, Krasnodar kray, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of parliament of Crimea (1995-96).

Suquet

Suquet, Thierry (b. April 10, 1960, Constantine, Algeria), acting high commissioner of New Caledonia (2010, 2013) and prefect of Mayotte (2021-24). He has also been prefect of Vaucluse département (2024- ).

Surakiart

Surapong

Surakiart Sathirathai (b. June 7, 1958, Bangkok, Thailand), Thai politician. He had a dubious record as finance minister from 1995 to 1996 in a government which many blamed for creating the conditions for the 1997 financial crisis. During Surakiart's tenure, the chief stock exchange regulator was ousted and government lawmakers were embroiled in a $3 billion bank scandal, a prelude to the 1997 meltdown. Later he was foreign minister (2001-05) and a deputy prime minister (2005-06).

Surapong Tovichakchaikul (b. May 1, 1953 - d. May 20, 2020, Bangkok, Thailand), foreign minister of Thailand (2011-14). He was also a deputy prime minister (2012-13) and first deputy prime minister (2013-14).

Surat, Aleksandr (Vladimirovich) (b. Oct. 12, 1947 - d. Sept. 2, 2016, Gelendzhik, Krasnodar kray, Russia), head of the administration of Amur oblast (1993).

Surayev, Boris (Nikolayevich), chairman of the government of Kursk oblast (1998-99).

Suraykin, Maksim (Aleksandrovich) (b. Aug. 8, 1978, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), Russian politician. He was chairman of the Central Committee of the Communists of Russia (2009-22) and a minor presidential candidate (2018).

Surayud

K. Surikov

Surayud Chulanont (b. Aug. 28, 1943, Phetchaburi province, Thailand), prime minister (2006-08) and interior minister (2007-08) of Thailand. He has also been army commander-in-chief (1998-2002), supreme commander of the armed forces (2002-03), and president of the Privy Council (2020- ).

Surdin, Nikifor (Grigoryevich) (b. 1896, Staroye Badikovo, Tambov province [now in Mordovia republic], Russia - d. [executed] May 23, 1938, Saransk, Mordovian A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Mordovian A.S.S.R. (1934-37).

Süren, Choynoryn (b. 1932), a deputy premier of Mongolia (1974-89). He was also mayor of Darkhan (19...-72) and minister of light industry (1987-89) and food industry (1987-88).

Surganov, Fyodor (Anisimovich) (b. June 7 [May 25, O.S.], 1911, Sudniki, Russia [now in Vitsebsk voblast, Belarus] - d. [car crash] Dec. 26, 1976, Brest oblast, Belorussian S.S.R.), joint acting chairman (1967-68, 1971) and chairman (1971-76) of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Belorussian S.S.R. He was also chairman of the Executive Committee (1954-55) and first secretary of the party committee (1955-56) of Minsk oblast.

Surikov, Aleksandr (Aleksandrovich) (b. Aug. 15, 1940), head of the administration of Altay kray (1996-2004). In 2006-18 he was Russian ambassador to Belarus.

Surikov, Konstantin (Yuryevich) (b. September 1971, Tomsk, Russian S.F.S.R.), prime minister of Ingushetia (2019-20).

Surin Pitsuwan (b. Oct. 28, 1949, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand - d. Nov. 30, 2017, Bangkok, Thailand), foreign minister of Thailand (1997-2001) and secretary-general of ASEAN (2008-13).

Suriya Chindawongse, Thai diplomat. He has been ambassador to Singapore (2020-21) and permanent representative to the United Nations (2021- ).

Surkin, Nikolay (Prokofyevich) (b. 1910, Mais, Penza province, Russia - d. ...), chairman of the industrial party committee of Crimea oblast (1963-64).

Surkov, Vladislav (Yuryevich), original name Aslambek Dudayev (b. Sept. 21, 1964, probably in Duba-Yurt, Chechen-Ingush A.S.S.R. [officially in Solntsevo, Lipetsk oblast], Russian S.F.S.R.), Russian politician. In 1999 he was brought onto Boris Yeltsin's presidential staff, where he helped launch Yeltsin's chosen successor, Vladimir Putin, into the presidency. He created the United Russia party as well as Nashi, a nationalist youth group loyal to Putin, and devised a system of tight controls over state television stations. He became a deputy prime minister (2011-13) and head of the Government Apparatus (2012-13). In 2013 he resigned from the government but later was named presidential aide with special responsibilities for Russian socioeconomic relations with Abkhazia and South Ossetia. In 2014 he reportedly oversaw the Russian operations in Ukraine. He has been variously described as a "political technologist," the "gray cardinal," or a "puppet master," who created and orchestrated Putin's stage-managed, sham-democratic rule of Russia. He was dismissed in 2020.

Surlemont, Jules (Eucher) (b. Feb. 2, 1897, Le Morne-Rouge, Martinique - d. Feb. 17, 1983), acting governor of French Guiana (1944-46).

Surmanidze, Muyedin (Ferkhatovich) (b. 1875, Keda, Ottoman Empire [now in Ajaria, Georgia] - d. [executed] Oct. 3, 1937, Tbilisi, Georgian S.S.R.), chairman of the Central Executive Committee of Adzharistan (1927?-30). He was also people's commissar of health (1931-32).

Suroso, (Raden) Panji (b. Nov. 3, 1893, Porong, Netherlands East Indies [now in Jawa Timur, Indonesia] - d. May 16, 1981, Jakarta, Indonesia), governor of Jawa Tengah (1945). He was also Indonesian minister of labour (1950-51), personnel affairs (1951-53), social affairs (1953-55), public works (1955-56), and home affairs (acting, 1956).

Surovtsev, Vladimir (Dmitriyevich) (b. Jan. 23, 1856 - d. Sept. 27, 1900), governor of Livonia (1896-1900).

Suruagy, Divaldo (b. March 5, 1937, São Luiz do Quitunde, Alagoas, Brazil - d. March 21, 2015, Maceió, Alagoas), governor of Alagoas (1975-78, 1983-86, 1995-97). He was also mayor of Maceió (1965-70).

Suruí, Manuel da Fonseca Lima e Silva, barão de (b. June 10, 1793, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - d. April 1, 1869, Rio de Janeiro), principal minister of Brazil (1836-37). He was also minister of war (1831-32) and navy (1835-36) and president of São Paulo (1844-47). He was made baron in 1854.

Suryo (b. July 9, 1898, Magetan, Netherlands East Indies [now in Jawa Timur, Indonesia] - d. Sept. 10, 1948, Bago, Ngawi district, Jawa Timur), governor of Jawa Timur (1945-48).

Suryokusumo, Parjoko (b. 1938? - d. Oct. 21, 1994, Jakarta, Indonesia), governor of Kalimantan Barat (1988-93).

Suryowinoto, Busiri (b. Nov. 24, 1926, Pamekasan, Netherlands East Indies [now in Jawa Timur, Indonesia] - d. Aug. 4, 1982, Tokyo, Japan), governor of Irian Jaya (1981-82).

Susak

Susak, Gojko (b. April 16, 1945, Siroki Brijeg, western Herzegovina, Yugoslavia - d. May 3, 1998, Zagreb, Croatia), defense minister of Croatia (1991-98). He was instrumental in the attainment and preservation of Croatia's independence.

Susanin, Vladimir (Nikolayevich) (b. June 1, 1855 - d. 1917), governor of Fergana oblast (1907-11).

Sushkov

Suslonova

Sushkov, Vladimir (Fyodorovich) (b. May 27, 1960, Russkoye Maskino, Mordovian A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), prime minister of Mordovia (2012-21). He was mayor of Saransk in 2003-12.

Susko, Boris (b. May 26, 1970), justice minister of Slovakia (2023- ).

Suslonova, Nina (Vladimirovna) (b. Aug. 9, 1960, Mamakan, Irkutsk oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), prime minister of Chuvashia (2010-11).

Suslov, Mikhail (Andreyevich) (b. Nov. 21 [Nov. 8, O.S.], 1902, Shakhovskoye, Russia - d. Jan. 25, 1982, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), Soviet politician. He joined the Communist Party in 1921 and during the 1930s served on the Central Control Commission, a group that worked to eradicate corruption from the party. In 1939 he was appointed first secretary of the party in Stavropol kray. A member of the Central Committee from 1941, he was a political commissar during World War II and was in charge of the party department that carried out purges in Lithuania and Sovietized that Baltic republic in 1944-46. In 1947 he became the Kremlin's top ideologist, a post he held until his death, and participated in the founding of the Communist Information Bureau (Cominform). In 1949-50 he was editor of Pravda. He visited Hungary just before the 1956 revolt that was crushed by Soviet tanks, and Warsaw in 1981 just before the resignation of moderate Communist Party chief Stanislaw Kania. Suslov was said to have owed his rise through party ranks to Lavrenty Beria, the Stalin-era secret police chief who later was executed, and to Georgy Malenkov, who was party leader and premier briefly after Stalin's death but who lost a test of strength to Nikita Khrushchev. Suslov had become a member of the Presidium (as the Politburo was then called) in 1952, was dropped after Stalin's death in 1953, but regained his post under Khrushchev in 1955. He was influential in the defeat of Khrushchev's opponents in 1957 but apparently engineered Khrushchev's 1964 ouster as party chief and Leonid Brezhnev's rise to power. Thereafter he concentrated on interparty relations and was known for his opposition to the Eurocommunist movement, the trend toward ideological independence by Communist parties in Western Europe.

Suslov, Vladimir (Antonovich) (b. Nov. 21, 1939), chairman of the Executive Committee (1987-91) and head of the administration (1991-95) of Kalinin/Tver oblast. He was also first secretary of the party committee of Kalinin city (1984-87).

Sustersic, Janez (b. Dec. 29, 1966, Ljubljana, Slovenia), finance minister of Slovenia (2012-13).

Suswam, Gabriel (Torwua) (b. Nov. 15, 1964, Anyiin [now in Benue state], Nigeria), governor of Benue (2007-15).

Sutarmidji (b. Nov. 29, 1962, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia), governor of Kalimantan Barat (2018-23). He was also mayor of Pontianak (2008-18).

Sutch

Sutch, Screaming Lord, original name David Edward Sutch (b. Nov. 10, 1940, London, England - d. June 16, 1999, London), British politician. In the 1960s, he ran a rock band called the Savages in which stars such as Noel Redding of the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Keith Moon of The Who, and guitar legend Jeff Beck played early in their careers. Sutch, who legally changed his name to add the "Lord" in 1977 and founded the Monster Raving Loony Party in 1983, entered some 40 elections from 1963, forfeiting more than £10,000 in lost deposits. Although he was never elected, one of his party members, Alan Hope, was elected mayor in the town of Ashburton in southwest England. Sutch became one of Britain's best-loved fringe candidates with megaphone, top hat, and leopard-skin tailcoat. He bet five pounds that he would become prime minister - at odds of 15 million to one. Sutch, whose party campaigned under the slogan "Vote for Insanity, You Know it Makes Sense," wanted to know why there was only one Monopolies Commission. He wanted to turn the metaphoric "butter mountain" created by agricultural subsidies in Europe into a ski slope. Joggers and the unemployed should be compelled to power a gigantic treadmill to generate cheap electricity, he once declared, and on another occasion he unsuccessfully tried to get his dog Splodge nominated at a London election. The campaign style of Sutch and his followers irritated more traditional candidates but delighted many British voters. Many of his policies later gained widespread acceptance, including lowering the voting age to 18, establishing local and commercial radio, issuing passports to pets, and all-day pub openings. Sutch was found hanged at his London home, apparently a suicide.

Suter

Suter, Walter (b. Aug. 6, 1951 - d. Sept. 28, 2020), Landammann of Zug (1999-2000, 2003-04).

Sutherland, Donald Matheson (b. Dec. 3, 1879, Norwich, Ont. - d. June 4, 1970, Woodstock, Ont.), defence minister of Canada (1930-34). He was also minister of pensions and national health (1934-35).

Sutherland, Peter (Denis) (b. April 25, 1946, Dublin, Ireland - d. Jan. 7, 2018), director-general of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (1993-95). He was also attorney general of Ireland (1981-82, 1982-84), European commissioner for competition (1985-89), chairman of Goldman Sachs International (1995-2015), and UN special representative for migration and development (2006-17).

Suthern, Cecil William (b. Sept. 5, 1927 - d. Aug. 7, 2013), official representative in the Cocos Islands (1969-72).

Sutiyoso

Sutiyoso (b. Dec. 6, 1944, Semarang, Netherlands East Indies [now in Jawa Tengah, Indonesia]), governor of Jakarta (1997-2007). He was head of the National Intelligence Agency of Indonesia in 2015-16.

Sutkus, Jonas (b. April 15, 1893, Kovno, Russia [now Kaunas, Lithuania] - d. [executed] Dec. 10, 1942, Sverdlovsk, Russian S.F.S.R. [now Yekaterinburg, Russia]), finance minister of Lithuania (1939).

Sutran, also spelled Soetran (b. April 5, 1921, Sidoarjo, Netherlands East Indies [now in Jawa Timur, Indonesia] - d. July 1, 1987, Surabaya, Indonesia), governor of Irian Jaya (1975-81).

Sutresna (Sastradidjaja), Nana (b. Oct. 21, 1933, Ciamis, Netherlands East Indies [now in Jawa Barat, Indonesia] - d. Jan. 27, 2011, Singapore), Indonesian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1988-92) and ambassador to the United Kingdom (1999-2002).

Sutrisno, Try (b. Nov. 15, 1935, Surabaya, Netherlands East Indies [now Indonesia]), vice president of Indonesia (1993-98). He was also army chief of staff (1986-88) and commander-in-chief of the Indonesian Armed Forces (1988-93).

Sutt

Sutt, Andres (b. Nov. 11, 1967, Tartu, Estonian S.S.R.), foreign minister of Estonia (2022). He was also minister of entrepreneurship and information technology (2021-22).

Sutton, Sir George Morris (b. July 8, 1834, Crowland, Lincolnshire, England - d. Nov. 30, 1913, Howick, Natal [now KwaZulu-Natal], South Africa), prime minister of Natal (1903-05); knighted 1904.

Sutton, Sir John (Matthias Dobson) (b. July 9, 1932 - d. Nov. 21, 2014), lieutenant governor of Jersey (1990-95); knighted 1986.

Sutton, Percy (Ellis) (b. Nov. 24, 1920, San Antonio, Texas - d. Dec. 26, 2009), borough president of Manhattan (1966-77).

Sutu, Mihai Dracon (b. 1730 - d. 1803, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire [now Istanbul, Turkey]), prince of Walachia (1783-86, 1791-93, 1801-02) and Moldavia (1793-95); son-in-law of Ioan Teodor Callimachi; brother-in-law of Alexandru Ioan Callimachi and Grigore Ioan Callimachi. He was also grand dragoman of the Porte (1782-83).

Sutu, Mihai Grigore, Greek Michail Soutsos (b. 1784 - d. June 24 [June 12, O.S.], 1864, Athens, Greece), prince of Moldavia (1819-21); grandson of Mihai Dracon Sutu; son-in-law of Ioan Gheorghe Caragea. He was also grand dragoman of the Porte (1815-19) and Greek minister to France (1833-34), Russia (1834-37), and the United Kingdom (1838-39).

Suurhoff, Ko, byname of Jacobus Gerardus Suurhoff (b. July 23, 1905, Amsterdam, Netherlands - d. March 14, 1967, Amsterdam), Dutch politician. He was minister of social affairs and health (1952-58), interior (acting, 1956), and transport and water management (1965-66).

Suursööt, Oskar (Albert) (b. May 30, 1893, Saku parish, Harju county, Russia [now in Estonia] - d. 1950, Magadan, Russian S.F.S.R.), economic affairs minister of Estonia (1932). He was also governor of Harju county (1920-22).

Suvar, Stipe (b. Feb. 17, 1936, Zagvozd village, near Imotski, Dalmatia, Yugoslavia [now in Croatia] - d. June 28, 2004, Zagreb, Croatia), president of the Presidium of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1988-89).

Suvorov-Rymniksky, Knyaz Aleksandr (Arkadyevich) (b. July 13 [July 1, O.S.], 1804, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. Feb. 12 [Jan. 31, O.S.], 1882, St. Petersburg), governor of Kostroma (1847-48) and governor-general of Livonia, Estonia, and Courland (1848-61) and St. Petersburg (1861-66).

Suwaidi

Suwaidi, (Sulayman) Tawfiq (Bey) al- (b. 1891, Baghdad, Ottoman Empire [now in Iraq] - d. 1968, Beirut, Lebanon), prime minister (1929, 1946, 1950) and foreign minister (1929, 1934, 1937-38, 1941, 1946, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1958) of Iraq. He was also minister of education (1928-29) and deputy prime minister (1943-44, 1958).

Suwandi, Wang (b. Dec. 8, 1929, Yogyakarta, Netherlands East Indies [now Indonesia] - d. Feb. 26, 2011, Jakarta, Indonesia), acting governor of Nusa Tenggara Timur (1978).

Suwirjo, (Raden) (b. Feb. 17, 1903, Surakarta, Netherlands East Indies [now in Jawa Tengah, Indonesia] - d. Aug. 27, 1967, Jakarta, Indonesia), deputy prime minister of Indonesia (1951-52). He was also mayor of Jakarta (1945-47, 1950-51) and chairman of the Indonesian National Party (1956-60).

Suyerkulov, Abdy (Suyerkulovich) (b. Dec. 25 [Dec. 12, O.S.], 1912, Torkent, Russia [now in Jalal-Abad oblast, Kyrgyzstan] - d. Oct. 10, 1992), chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kirgiz S.S.R. (1950-58). He was also chairman of the Executive Committee of Dzhalal-Abad oblast (1941-42) and trade minister (1959-69).

Suyetin, Mikhail (Sergeyevich) (b. 1906, Bryansk, Oryol province [now in Bryansk oblast], Russia - d. 1986), first secretary of the Communist Party committee of the Udmurt A.S.S.R. (1950-57).

Suyumbayev, Akhmatbek (Suttubayevich) (b. Dec. 17, 1920, Orto-Alysh, Russian S.F.S.R. [now in Kyrgyzstan] - d. Feb. 14, 1993), chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kirgiz S.S.R. (1968-78). He was also minister of finance (1955-60) and public utilities (1978-84), and chairman of the Executive Committee (1960-62) and first secretary of the party committee (1962-68) of Osh oblast.

Suyunov, Nazar (Toyliyevich) (b. Aug. 23, 1936, Nebit-Dag, Turkmen S.S.R. [now Balkanabat, Turkmenistan] - d. March 25, 2021, Moscow, Russia), foreign minister and deputy premier of the Turkmen S.S.R. (1979-85). He was also chairman of the State Committee for Geology of the Turkmen S.S.R. (1967-78) and a deputy prime minister (1992-93) and minister of oil and gas (1993-94) of Turkmenistan.

Suzuki, Eikei (b. Aug. 15, 1974), governor of Mie (2011-21).

Suzuki, Junji (b. April 7, 1958, Seto, Aichi, Japan), interior minister of Japan (2023).

Suzuki, Kantaro, in full (from 1935) Danshaku (Baron) Kantaro Suzuki (b. Dec. 24, 1867, Izumi province [now part of Osaka prefecture], Japan - d. April 17, 1948, Tokyo, Japan), prime minister of Japan (1945). He was also president of the Privy Council (1944-45, 1945-46) and minister of foreign affairs and Greater East Asia (1945).

Suzuki, Kisaburo (b. Nov. 6 [Oct. 11, lunar calendar], 1867, Kawasaki, Japan - d. June 24, 1940), justice minister (1924, 1931-32) and home affairs minister (1927-28, 1932) of Japan.

Suzuki, Naomichi (b. March 14, 1981), governor of Hokkaido (2019- ).

Suzuki, Seigo (b. Aug. 7, 1911, Kagamiishi, Fukushima, Japan - d. Oct. 4, 1999), justice minister of Japan (1985-86).

Suzuki, Shunichi (b. Nov. 6, 1910, Tokyo, Japan - d. May 14, 2010), governor of Tokyo (1979-95).

Suzuki, Shunichi (b. April 13, 1953, Tokyo, Japan), finance minister of Japan (2021- ); son of Zenko Suzuki; brother-in-law of Taro Aso. He was also environment minister (2002-03) and minister in charge of the Tokyo Olympics (2017-18, 2019).

Suzuki, Yoshio (b. Jan. 17, 1894, Shirakawa, Fukushima, Japan - d. Aug. 25, 1963), justice minister (1947-48) and attorney-general (1948) of Japan.

Z. Suzuki

Suzuki, Zenko (b. Jan. 11, 1911, Yamada, Iwate prefecture, Japan - d. July 19, 2004, Tokyo, Japan), prime minister of Japan (1980-82). He helped organize a national federation of fishermen's cooperatives and it was as a Socialist that he was first elected to the House of Representatives in 1947. In 1949, he switched to the Democratic Liberal Party, a forerunner of the Liberal-Democratic Party (LDP). He became minister of posts and telecommunications (1960-61), chief cabinet secretary (1964), minister of health and welfare (1965-66), and minister of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries (1976-77). A good mediator, he also was appointed ten times as chairman of the LDP's executive council, beginning in 1968. The sudden death of Prime Minister Masayoshi Ohira in 1980 resulted in a three-week battle for succession within the LDP. Suzuki, a loyal and longtime party worker, emerged as the compromise choice for party president and prime minister. In office he based his policies on "administrative reform" (which meant a balanced budget without tax increases) and "the politics of harmony." He helped to frame Japan's relationship with the U.S. as an "alliance" after a summit with Pres. Ronald Reagan in 1981. In 1982 he drew criticism for his handling of allegations immediately before a scheduled trip to Beijing that Education Ministry officials were trying to gloss over Japan's wartime aggression in China in school textbooks. Amid his foreseeable failure to fulfill his pledges on fiscal reform, the escalating textbook scandal, and deteriorating relations with Washington, he decided not to seek reelection as leader of the LDP, thereby relinquishing the post of prime minister. He continued to lead a sizable faction of the LDP until 1986 and withdrew from politics in 1990.

Svaleryd, (Anders) Uno (b. Oct. 6, 1943), acting governor of Jämtland (2001-02, 2006-07, 2008).

Svanidze, Nikolay (Samsonovich) (b. 1895, Samurzakano, Sukhumi okrug, Kutaisi province, Russia [now in Abkhazia, Georgia] - d. [executed] 1937), executive secretary of the Communist Party committee of Adzharistan (1922-24). He was also executive secretary of the party committee of Tiflis city (1924-25).

Svantesson, (Karin) Elisabeth, née Lundin (b. Oct. 26, 1967, Lycksele, Västerbotten, Sweden), finance minister of Sweden (2022- ). She was also minister of employment (2013-14).

Svarc Pipan, Dominika (b. July 9, 1978, Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia), justice minister of Slovenia (2022- ).

Svatetz de Menéndez, Matilde (Elvira) (b. Nov. 27, 1944), governor of Tierra del Fuego (1991-92).

Svay So (b. 1913, Takeo province, Cambodia - d. ...), finance minister of Cambodia (1949). He was also president of the National Assembly (1953).

Svec

Svec, Petr (b. July 22, 1957), acting mayor of Praha (2002).

Svechin, Ivan (Nikolayevich) (b. Feb. 12, 1863, Moscow, Russia - d. March 17, 1930, Marseille, France), governor of Tiflis (1899-1905), Stavropol (1905-06), and Primorye oblast (1910-11).

Svedelius, Axel G(abriel Johan) (b. Oct. 14, 1836, Norrköping, Sweden - d. March 15, 1924), governor of Örebro (1893-1904).

Svegfors, (John) Mats (Arvid) (b. Aug. 23, 1948, Bredestad, Jönköping, Sweden), governor of Västmanland (2000-09).

Svehla, Antonín (b. April 15, 1873, Prague, Austria [now in Czech Republic] - d. Dec. 12, 1933, Prague), interior minister (1918-20) and prime minister (1922-26, 1926-29) of Czechoslovakia.

Sveinsson

Sveinsson, Gunnar Bragi (b. June 9, 1968, Saudárkrókur, Iceland), foreign minister of Iceland (2013-16). He was also minister of agriculture and fisheries (2016-17).

Svenningsen, Nils (Thomas) (b. March 28, 1894, Stockholm, Sweden - d. Oct. 20, 1985), acting foreign minister of Denmark (1943-45). He was also minister (1945-47) and ambassador (1947-50) to Sweden and ambassador to France (1950-51), the United Kingdom (1961-64), and Ireland (1962-64).

Svensen, Henrik (b. July 17, 1904, Askøy, Søndre Bergenhus amt [now in Vestland fylke], Norway - d. Aug. 16, 2007), governor of Aust-Agder (1961-74).

Svenson, (Sven) Göte (b. Nov. 2, 1924, Norra Sandsjö socken [now part of Nässjö municipality], Jönköping, Sweden - d. Oct. 6, 2013), governor of Östergötland (1980-87).

Svensson

Sverrisdóttir

Svensson, Alf (Robert Olof) (b. Oct. 1, 1938, Götlunda, Skaraborg [now in Västra Götaland], Sweden), Swedish politician. He started in politics in 1966 as a municipal councillor in Granna, then Jönköping, and then as county councillor in Jönköping. He became leader of the Christian Democratic Party in January 1973. A member of parliament in 1985-88, he returned to being a municipal councillor in Jönköping until entering parliament again in 1991. In 1991-94 he was minister for international development and human rights issues, and deputy foreign minister. He remained party leader until 2004 when he was succeeded by Göran Hägglund.

Sverbeyev, Aleksandr (Dmitriyevich) (b. March 25, 1835, Moscow, Russia - d. May 9, 1917), governor of Samara (1878-91).

Sverbeyev, Dmitry (Dmitriyevich) (b. 1845 - d. 1920), governor of Courland (1892-1905); brother of Aleksandr Sverbeyev.

Sverbeyev, Sergey (Nikolayevich) (b. April 13, 1857 - d. April 4, 1922, Berlin, Germany), Russian diplomat; nephew of Aleksandr and Dmitry Sverbeyev. He was minister to Greece (1910-12) and ambassador to Germany (1912-14).

Sverchkov, Aleksey (Vasilyevich) (b. 1788 - d. Feb. 16, 1828, Florence, Tuscany [now in Italy]), Russian diplomat; son-in-law of Graf Dmitry Guryev. He was chargé d'affaires at the Portuguese government in Brazil (1815-16) and chargé d'affaires (1818-28) and minister (1828) to Tuscany.

Sverdlov, Yakov (Mikhailovich) (b. June 3 [May 22, O.S.], 1885, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia - d. March 16, 1919, Moscow, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (1917-19).

Sverdrup, Johan (b. July 30, 1816, Jarlsberg, Norway - d. Feb. 17, 1892, Kristiania [now Oslo], Norway), prime minister (1884-89) and war minister (1885-89) of Norway. He was also president of the Storting (intermittently in 1871-84).

Sverrisdóttir, Valgerdur (b. March 23, 1950, Lómatjörn, Iceland), foreign minister of Iceland (2006-07). She was also minister of industry and commerce (1999-2006) and Nordic cooperation (2004-05).

Svetlov, Ferdinand (Yuryevich), original surname Shonfeld (b. 1884, Odessa, Russia [now in Ukraine] - d. [in labour camp] 1943, Komi A.S.S.R., Russian S.F.S.R.), executive secretary of the Communist Party of the Turkestan A.S.S.R. (1923-24).

Svilanovic

Svinarov

Svilanovic, Goran (b. Oct. 22, 1963, Gnjilane, Kosovo, Serbia), foreign minister (2000-04) of Yugoslavia (from 2003, Serbia and Montenegro). He was also president of the Civic Alliance of Serbia (1999-2004).

Svinarov, Nikolay (Avramov) (b. May 6, 1958, Shumen, Bulgaria), defense minister of Bulgaria (2001-05).

Svinhufvud

Svinhufvud (af Qvalstad), Pehr Evind (Perinpoika) (b. Dec. 15, 1861, Sääksmäki, Finland - d. Feb. 29, 1944, Luumäki, Finland), chief minister (1917-18), state protector (1918), prime minister (1930-31), and president (1931-37) of Finland. He entered the Finnish Diet in 1894 as representative of his family in the House of Knights and soon became known as a steadfast Constitutionalist. Durin the great strike of 1905 he coordinated the activities of the Constitutionalists and the Social Democrats. After the reform of the Diet he was its speaker from 1907 until the end of 1912. His anti-Russian position brought him exile to Siberia in 1914. Having returned after the Russian Revolution of March 1917, he was elected chairman of the Senate (chief minister) of Finland by the votes of the bourgeois parties on November 27. When the Red Guard forces seized power in southern Finland, he managed to escape to Ostrobothnia, whence he conducted the "White" government during the 1918 civil war. Elected state protector (regent) of Finland on May 18, 1918, he was in favour of having a German prince as king; and his policy led to his resignation, on December 12, after Germany's collapse at the end of World War I. When the parties were regrouped, he joined the conservative National Coalition Party. From 1930 to 1937, as prime minister and president, he saw to it that the demand of the rightist Lapua Movement for suppressing the Communist Party was carried through but otherwise prevented the movement from overthrowing democratic institutions.

Sviridov, Vladimir (Petrovich) (b. Dec. 7, 1897 - d. May 3, 1963), chairman of the Allied Control Commission in Hungary (1946-47) and Soviet high commissioner of Austria (1949-53).

Svistunov, Aleksandr (Pavlovich) (b. Feb. 26 [Feb. 14, O.S.], 1830 - d. af. 1893), governor of Terek oblast (1875-83).

C. Svoboda

I. Svoboda

Svoboda, Cyril (b. Nov. 24, 1956, Prague, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), interior minister (1997-98), foreign minister (2002-06), and a deputy prime minister (2002-04) of the Czech Republic. In 2007-09 he was the minister chairing the government's Legislative Council; in 2009 he was minister of regional development. He was leader of the Christian and Democratic Union-Czechoslovak People's Party (2001-03, 2009-10).

Svoboda, Ivo (b. April 6, 1948, Prague, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic] - d. Feb. 23, 2017), finance minister of the Czech Republic (1998-99). He was sacked after being indicted for financial crimes connected to his management of a Czech pram company which went bankrupt. On Feb. 1, 2005, he was sentenced to five years' imprisonment.

L. Svoboda

Svoboda, Ludvík (b. Nov. 25, 1895, Hroznatín, Moravia, Austria-Hungary [now in Czech Republic] - d. Sept. 20, 1979, Prague, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), president of Czechoslovakia (1968-75). Drafted into the Austro-Hungarian army when World War I began, he was captured by the Russians and, switching sides, fought with them against the Central Powers. After the war he joined the Czechoslovak army in 1921. After the German seizure of the country in 1939, he went underground. He organized Czechoslovak refugee units in Poland and, after the fall of that country in World War II, moved to the Soviet Union, where he started the formation of a Czechoslovak army unit made up of fellow refugees. As commanding general of the Czechoslovak Army Corps which fought alongside the Red Army, he took part in the liberation of Czechoslovakia in May 1945. He was appointed defense minister by Pres. Edvard Benes. He did nothing to prevent the Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia in 1948 and shortly afterward joined the Communist Party. In 1950 he was removed as defense minister and became a deputy premier; in 1951 he was imprisoned during a Stalinist purge, but later an inquiry by Nikita Khrushchev led to his rehabilitation and he became head of the Klement Gottwald Military Academy (1955-59). In 1968 he was elected president on the recommendation of the new, reform-minded Communist Party leader Alexander Dubcek. Svoboda achieved great popularity by his firm resistance of Soviet demands after the Soviet-led invasion of August 1968. He travelled to the Soviet Union to secure the release of Dubcek and his aides, who had been seized during the invasion. He was the only top leader who remained unaffected by the purges which followed. He was elected to another five-year term in 1973 but retired in 1975 due to ill health.

Svyatopolk-Mirsky, Knyaz (Prince) Dmitry (Ivanovich) (b. Oct. 25, 1824 - d. Jan. 18, 1899, Nice, France), governor of Terek oblast (1861-63) and governor-general of Kutaisi (1863-66) and Kharkov (interim, 1881-82).

Svyatopolk-Mirsky, Knyaz (Prince) Nikolay (Ivanovich) (b. July 5, 1833 - d. July 15, 1898), ataman of the Don Cossack Host (1881-98); brother of Knyaz Dmitry Svyatopolk-Mirsky; grandson-in-law of Giorgi XII.

Svyatopolk-Mirsky, Knyaz (Prince) Pyotr (Dmitriyevich) (b. Aug. 30 [Aug. 18, O.S.], 1857, St. Petersburg, Russia - d. May 29 [May 16, O.S.], 1914, St. Petersburg), interior minister of Russia (1904-05); son of Knyaz Dmitry Svyatopolk-Mirsky. He was also governor of Penza (1895-97) and Yekaterinoslav (1897-1900) and governor-general of Vilna, Kovno, and Grodno (1902-04).

Swaelen

Swaelen, Frank (Marcel Gerard) (b. March 23, 1930, Antwerp, Belgium - d. Dec. 23, 2007, Antwerp), defense minister (1980-81) and chairman of the Senate (1988-99) of Belgium.

Swai, A(santerabi) Z(ephaniah) Nsilo (b. April 20, 1925, Moshi, Tanganyika [now in Tanzania] - d. Oct. 10, 1994), Tanzanian politician. He was minister of commerce and industry (1960-62), health and labour (1962), economic affairs and development planning (1963-65, 1967), industry, mineral resources, and power (1965-67), and East African affairs (1967-68) and permanent representative to the United Nations (1962-63).

Swain, David L(owry) (b. Jan. 4, 1801, near Asheville, N.C. - d. Aug. 27, 1868, Chapel Hill, N.C.), governor of North Carolina (1832-35).

Swainson, John B(urley) (b. July 30, 1925, Windsor, Ont. - d. May 13, 1994, Manchester, Mich.), governor of Michigan (1961-63).

Swalwell, Eric (Michael) (b. Nov. 16, 1980, Sac City, Iowa), U.S. politician. He has been a representative from California (2013- ) and a candidate for the 2020 Democratic presidential nomination.

Swamy, Nityanand (b. Dec. 27, 1927, Narnaul [now in Haryana], India - d. Dec. 12, 2012, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India), chief minister of Uttaranchal (2000-01).

Swamy, Subramanian (b. Sept. 15, 1939, Madras [now Chennai], India), law and justice (and commerce) minister of India (1990-91).

J. Swan

Swan, Sir John (William David) (b. July 3, 1935, Bermuda), premier of Bermuda (1982-95). He entered Bermuda's parliament in 1972 and was minister for home affairs in 1978-82. Coming from the majority black community himself, he achieved wide popularity for a series of social reforms while at the same time reassuring Bermuda's mainly white business leaders; he was himself a millionaire real-estate operator. He became premier when the ruling United Bermuda Party (UBP) decided it needed to have a black leader. His government was confirmed in elections in 1983, 1985, 1989, and 1993. He initially moved away from the UBP's traditional conservative white wing, but he was obliged to bring them back after many black UBP members were defeated in the 1989 election. Bermuda remained prosperous, and, although it was a British colony, with the governor retaining responsibility for foreign affairs, defense, and internal security, successive governors had in fact intervened little. Yet it was a matter of pride for some Bermudans to attain independence and the issue became prominent in 1994. Swan supported the idea and called a referendum for August 1995, staking his job on a successful outcome. The opposition Progressive Labour Party, although normally supporting independence, saw its chance to unseat Swan and recommended abstention or a negative vote. Swan's own party belied its name by dividing along racial lines and took no official position. The referendum, at a relatively low turnout of 59%, resulted in a 74%-26% vote against independence. Whites were overwhelmingly opposed, while blacks were split on the issue. Swan promptly implemented his pledge to resign. He later created controversy by his attempt to open a McDonald's restaurant on the island, which many thought would damage Bermuda's upscale tourist image; the plan was thwarted by a special 1997 law. He was knighted in 1990.

Swan, Wayne (Maxwell) (b. June 30, 1954, Nambour, Queensland), Australian politician. He was Queensland state secretary of the Labor Party in 1991-93. In 1993 he was elected to the House of Representatives for the Brisbane seat of Lilley. He lost his seat in 1996 but regained it in 1998 and joined the opposition front bench. He became opposition treasury spokesman in 2004. He grew up in the same town as Labor leader Kevin Rudd, and the two have long been both friends and rivals. When Rudd won the 2007 elections, Swan became treasurer. In 2010 Rudd was replaced by his deputy Julia Gillard, and Swan became new deputy leader of the Labor Party as well as deputy prime minister.

Swann, Thomas (b. Feb. 3, 1809, Alexandria, Va. - d. July 24, 1883, Morven Park estate, near Leesburg, Va.), mayor of Baltimore (1856-60) and governor of Maryland (1866-69).

Swanson, Claude A(ugustus) (b. March 31, 1862, Swansonville, Va. - d. July 7, 1939, Rapidan Camp, Madison county, Va.), governor of Virginia (1906-10) and U.S. secretary of the navy (1933-39).

Swar

Swar al-Dahab, Abdel Rahman (Muhammad al-Hassan), Arabic `Abd al-Rahman (Muhammad al-Hasan) Siwar al-Dhahab (b. 1934, Omdurman, Sudan - d. Oct. 18, 2018, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia), Sudanese head of state (1985-86). He entered military college at the age of 20 and graduated as a second lieutenant four years later. His subsequent military training took him through army schools in Jordan, the U.S., and the U.K., as well as the High Military Academy in The Sudan. In 1970 he headed the ceasefire committee in Jordan and also served in Qatar. Returning to The Sudan in 1975, he subsequently commanded military operations in the southern region against the forces of the Sudan National Liberation Movement. Within a month of being appointed commander in chief of The Sudan's armed forces and defense minister, he headed a military coup in April 1985 that overthrew Pres. Gaafar Nimeiry. By all accounts he was a reluctant coup leader but, faced with a popular upsurge against Nimeiry, who was in the U.S. at the time, he agreed that the army should take power. However, as chairman of the Transitional Military Council he promised (and stood by that pledge) that the army would stay for only one year to allow time to arrange for the country's return to civilian rule. He was made a field marshal and became chairman of the Islamic Dawa (Call) Organization in 1987.

Swaraj

Swaraj, Sushma (b. Feb. 14, 1952, Ambala Cantonment, Punjab [now in Haryana], India - d. Aug. 6, 2019, New Delhi, India), chief minister of Delhi (1998) and foreign minister of India (2014-19). She was also minister of information and broadcasting (1996, 1998, 2000-03) and health and family welfare and parliamentary affairs (2003-04).

Swart, Charles Robberts (b. Dec. 5, 1894, Winburg, Orange Free State [now in Free State, South Africa] - d. July 16, 1982, Bloemfontein, South Africa), president of South Africa (1961-67). He was elected a member of parliament for the National Party in 1923. In 1948 the Nationalists were victorious in the general election, and they began the implementation of their policy of apartheid. As minister of justice from 1948 to 1959, he revised the Immorality Act, making sexual relations between the races illegal, and put through a series of "security laws," including the Suppression of Communism Act (1950). The right of appeal to the Privy Council was abolished, and the government was given extensive and arbitrary powers to interfere with the rights of individuals. He was also minister of education, arts, and science (1949-50). From 1954 to 1959 he was deputy (in 1958, acting) prime minister, and in December 1959 he was appointed governor-general of the Union of South Africa. In 1961 South Africa left the Commonwealth and declared itself a republic, with Swart as its president.

Swartz, Carl Johan Gustaf (b. June 5, 1858, Norrköping, Sweden - d. Nov. 6, 1926, Stockholm, Sweden), finance minister (1906-11) and prime minister (1917) of Sweden.

Swayne, Charles Richard (b. Aug. 26, 1843 - d. June 11, 1921), resident commissioner of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands (1893-95).

Swayne, Sir Eric John Eagles (b. May 14, 1863 - d. Sept. 9, 1929), commissioner of British Somaliland (1902-06) and governor of British Honduras (1906-13); knighted 1910.

Swayne, Wager (b. Nov. 10, 1834, Columbus, Ohio - d. Dec. 18, 1902, New York City), military governor of Alabama (1867-68).

Sweeb, Kitty (Monique), Surinamese diplomat. She was chargé d'affaires (2015-16) and permanent representative (2019-21) to the United Nations.

Sweeney

Sweeney, John (Joseph) (b. May 5, 1934, Bronx, New York City - d. Feb. 1, 2021, Bethesda, Md.), president (1995-2009) of the American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO). The leader of an insurgent movement within the AFL-CIO, he forced the resignation of federation president Lane Kirkland in August 1995 and defeated Kirkland's designated successor, Thomas R. Donahue, in a the first-ever contested election for the federation presidency two months later. Sweeney had been president (1980-95) of the activist Service Employees International Union (SEIU) and an officer (1961-80) of the union's New York City-based Local 32B. As president, he promised to revitalize the federation. Union memberships continued to decline, however, and a number of important unions withdrew from the AFL-CIO: the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners in 2001 and the Teamsters, the SEIU, and the United Food and Commercial Workers in 2005.

Sweerts de Landas Wyborgh, Emile Claude baron (b. May 5, 1852, Nijmegen, Gelderland, Netherlands - d. Jan. 3, 1928, The Hague, Netherlands), queen's commissioner of Zuid-Holland (1911-28). He was also mayor of Arnhem (1899-1904) and The Hague (1904-11).

Sweet, William E(llery) (b. Jan. 27, 1869, Chicago, Ill. - d. May 9, 1942, Denver, Colo.), governor of Colorado (1923-25).

Sweet-Escott, Sir (Ernest) Bickham (b. Aug. 20, 1857, Bath, England - d. April 10, 1941), administrator (1899-1903) and governor (1903-04) of Seychelles and governor of British Honduras (1904-06), the Leeward Islands (1906-12), and Fiji (1912-18); knighted 1904.

Sweetman, (Hugh) Gerard (b. June 10, 1908, Dublin, Ireland - d. [car crash] Jan. 28, 1970, between Kildare and Monasterevin, County Kildare, Ireland), finance minister of Ireland (1954-57).

Swettenham, Sir (James) Alexander (b. 1846 - d. April 19, 1933), governor of the Straits Settlements (acting, 1899-1901), British Guiana (1901-04), and Jamaica (1904-07); knighted 1898.

Swettenham, Sir Frank Athelstane (b. March 28, 1850, Belper, Derbyshire, England - d. June 11, 1946, London, England), resident of Selangor (1882-84) and Perak (1889-96), resident-general of the Federated Malay States (1896-1901), and governor of the Straits Settlements (1901-03); knighted 1897; brother of Sir Alexander Swettenham.

Swiatkowski, Henryk (b. April 2, 1896, Dzierzaznia, Poland - d. March 22, 1970, Warsaw, Poland), justice minister of Poland (1945-56).

Swiderski, Stefan (b. 1895 - d. Dec. 17, 1978, London, England), governor of Nowogródzkie województwo (1932-35).

Swidzinski, Boleslaw Jerzy (b. Dec. 7, 1885, Opatów, Poland - d. March 4, 1972, London, England), governor of Lubelskie województwo (1930-33).

Swiezynski, Józef, h. Korczak (b. April 19, 1868, Wlonice, Poland - d. Feb. 12, 1948, Sandomierz, Poland), prime minister of Poland (1918). He was also a member of the Russian State Duma (1906, 1907-17).

Swift, Henry A(doniram) (b. March 23, 1823, Ravenna, Ohio - d. Feb. 25, 1869, St. Peter, Minn.), governor of Minnesota (1863-64).

J. Swift

Swift, Jane (Maria) (b. Feb. 24, 1965, North Adams, Mass.), governor of Massachusetts (2001-03). She was just another bright-eyed statehouse aide when she launched a long-shot bid for the state Senate and, at 25, became the youngest woman ever in the Senate. After an unsuccessful run for Congress in 1996, Swift was tapped by Gov. Paul Cellucci as his running mate in 1998. During her campaign for lieutenant governor, Swift made national news when she announced she was pregnant with her first child. In office, controversy surrounded her when she used her staff to baby-sit for her daughter for free and for having a state helicopter take her to her home in North Adams for Thanksgiving. The ethics commission ruled she had created an appearance of impropriety with the baby-sitting incident and fined her $1,250. Initially, she refused to apologize, saying she did nothing wrong, and was criticized for what some saw as her arrogant response. She later apologized. In April 2001 she succeeded Cellucci as governor when the latter became ambassador to Canada. On May 15 she became the first U.S. governor to give birth while in office. Five months later she jumped into the race to win the office in her own right, pledging to improve education and help the state out of a post-September 11 economic slowdown. But as 2002 began, her popularity was lagging badly. With the looming candidacy of Mitt Romney, the Salt Lake City Olympic chief who was riding a wave of popularity, Swift withdrew in March.

Swinderen, Petrus Johannes van (b. July 25, 1842, Groningen, Netherlands - d. Dec. 19, 1911, The Hague, Netherlands), king's/queen's commissioner of Drenthe (1888-1903).

Swinderen van Rensuma, Jonkheer Oncko van, (from 1829) heer van Rensuma (b. July 23, 1775, Groningen, Netherlands - d. Nov. 12, 1850, Groningen), Dutch politician. He was chairman of the Second Chamber (1839-40).

Swineford, Alfred P(eter) (b. Sept. 14, 1836, Ashland, Ohio - d. Oct. 26, 1909, Juneau, Alaska), governor of Alaska (1885-89).

Switala, Kazimierz (Czeslaw) (b. April 21, 1923, Rakoniewice, Poland - d. March 6, 2011), interior minister of Poland (1968-71).

Switalski, Kazimierz (b. March 4, 1886, Sanok, Austria [now in Poland] - d. Dec. 28, 1962, Warsaw, Poland), prime minister of Poland (1929). He was also minister of religious affairs and education (1928-29), marshal of the Sejm (1933-35), and governor of Krakowskie województwo (1935-36).

Swokin, Kala (Griwo) (b. Nov. 22, 1949), justice minister of Papua New Guinea (1988). He was also minister of urban development (1982-84), physical planning (1984-85, 1988-91), lands (1987-88, 1988-91), fisheries (1997-98), and civil aviation and tourism (1998-99).

Swope, Guy J(acob) (b. Dec. 26, 1892, Meckville, Pa. - d. July 25, 1969, New York City), governor of Puerto Rico (1941).

Sy, Cheikh Tidiane (b. Jan. 11, 1938, Saint-Louis, Senegal), justice minister (2005-08, 2010-12) and interior minister (2008-09) of Senegal. He was also UN representative to Burundi (1999-2000) and the Central African Republic (2000-01).

Sy, Seydina Oumar (b. Oct. 10, 1937), foreign minister of Senegal (1990-91). He was also ambassador to Belgium (1973-88) and minister of commerce (1988-90).

Syam, Amin (b. Dec. 12, 1945 - d. Sept. 1, 2023, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia), governor of Sulawesi Selatan (2003-08).

Syamsuddin, Amir (b. May 27, 1941, Makassar, Netherlands East Indies [now in Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia]), law minister of Indonesia (2011-14).

Syanko, Uladzimir (Lyavonavich) (b. Aug. 5, 1946, Vishkovichi, Vitebsk oblast, Belorussian S.S.R.), foreign minister of Belarus (1994-97). He was also ambassador to Poland (1992-94), the United Kingdom (1994), France, Spain, and Portugal (1997-2004), and Belgium (2004-11).

Sychev, Sergey (Aleksandrovich) (b. March 28, 1960, Selo, Vologda oblast, Russian S.F.S.R.), chairman of the government of Samara oblast (2004-07).

Sychou, Alyaksandr (Mikalayevich) (b. September 1951, Gomel, Belorussian S.S.R.), Belarusian diplomat. He was permanent representative to the United Nations (1994-2000) and ambassador to Austria (2005-11).

Sydenham, Charles Edward Poulett Thomson, (1st) Baron (b. Sept. 13, 1799, Wimbledon, Surrey [now part of London], England - d. Sept. 19, 1841, Kingston, Canada West [now Ont.]), governor of Lower Canada (1839-41) and Canada (1841). He was created baron in 1840. He was also British president of the Board of Trade (1834, 1835-39).

Sydenham of Combe, George Sydenham Clarke, (1st) Baron (b. July 4, 1848, Swinderby, Lincolnshire, England - d. Feb. 7, 1933, London, England), governor of Victoria (1901-03) and Bombay (1907-13). He was knighted in 1893 and created baron in 1913.

Sydney, Thomas Townshend, (1st) Viscount (b. Feb. 24, 1733, London, England - d. June 30, 1800, Frognal estate, near Chislehurst, Kent, England), British secretary at war (1782), home secretary (1782-83, 1783-89), and president of the Committee for Trade and Plantations (1784-86). He was created baron in 1783 and viscount in 1789. The Australian city of Sydney was named after him.

Sydow, Björn (Gustaf) von (b. Nov. 26, 1945, Solna, Stockholm county, Sweden), defense minister of Sweden (1997-2002). He was also minister of trade (1996-97) and speaker of the Riksdag (2002-06).

Sydow, Gunnar von (b. Aug. 3, 1911, Göteborg, Sweden - d. June 12, 1990), governor of Älvsborg (1970-78).

Sydow, Oscar (Fredrik) von (b. July 12, 1873, Kalmar, Sweden - d. Aug. 19, 1936), governor of Norrbotten (1911-17) and Göteborg och Bohus (1917-34) and interior minister (1914-17) and prime minister (1921) of Sweden.

Sydow, Reinhold (Friedrich) von (b. Jan. 14, 1851, Berlin, Prussia [Germany] - d. Jan. 16, 1943, Berlin), finance minister of Germany (1908-09). He acquired the "von" in 1918.

Syeduzzaman, M. (b. Oct. 27, 1933, Dacca, India [now Dhaka, Bangladesh]), finance minister of Bangladesh (1986-87).

Syerada, Ivan (Mikitavich) (b. May 1, 1879 - d. af. Nov. 19, 1943), chairman of the Rada (1918) and of the People's Secretariat (1918) of the Belorussian People's Republic.

Sykes, Sir Frederick (Hugh) (b. July 23, 1877, Croydon, Surrey [now part of London], England - d. Sept. 30, 1954, London), governor of Bombay (1928-33); knighted 1919; son-in-law of Bonar Law. He was also British chief of the air staff (1918-19).

Sykes, James (b. March 27, 1761, near Dover, Delaware - d. Oct. 18, 1822, Dover), acting governor of Delaware (1801-02).

Sylla, Albert (b. 1909 - d. [plane crash] July 19, 1967), foreign minister of Madagascar (1960-67).

Sylla, Ibrahima (b. Sept. 9, 1943, Conakry, Guinea), foreign minister of Guinea (1992-94). He was also ambassador to Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg (1984-89) and minister of planning and cooperation (1989-92) and transport (1994-96).

J. Sylla

Sylla, Jacques (Hugues) (b. July 22, 1946, Sainte-Marie island, Madagascar - d. Dec. 26, 2009, Antananarivo, Madagascar), foreign minister (1993-96) and prime minister (2002-07) of Madagascar; son of Albert Sylla. In 2007-09 he was president of the National Assembly.

Y. Sylla

Sylla, Yvette, née Rakoto, foreign minister of Madagascar (2011, 2023-24); widow of Jacques Sylla. She was also minister of commerce and consumption (2018-19).

Sylva, Timipre (Marlin) (b. July 7, 1964, Okpoma [now in Bayelsa state], Nigeria), governor of Bayelsa (2007-08, 2008-12).

Sylvain, Edmond (b. June 27, 1906, Les Cayes, Haiti - d. ...), Haitian politician. He was minister to Belgium (1948-50), minister of public works (1957), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1957-59).

Sylvain, Franck (b. Aug. 3, 1909, Grand Goave, southern Haiti - d. Jan. 3, 1987, Port-au-Prince, Haiti), provisional president of Haiti (1957).

Sylvander, Josua friherre (b. June 1, 1769, Rödeby, Blekinge, Sweden - d. Aug. 28, 1833, Stockholm, Sweden), governor of Halland (1812-18). He was made friherre (baron) in 1830.

Sylvester, secular name Ivan (Antonovich) Kharun, Latvian Ivans Haruns (b. Nov. 1 [Oct. 19, O.S.], 1914, Dvinsk, Russia [now Daugavpils, Latvia] - d. May 18, 2000, Rawdon, Que.), administrator of the Orthodox Church in America (1974-77). He was bishop of Messina (1952-62) and bishop (1962-66) and archbishop (1966-81) of Montreal.

Sylvester, Lawrence, Belizean diplomat. He has been chargé d'affaires at the United Nations (1996-97) and ambassador to the Caribbean Community (2018- ).

Symes, Sir (George) Stewart (b. July 29, 1882, Wateringbury, Kent, England - d. Dec. 5, 1962, Folkestone, Kent), political resident of Aden (1928-31), governor of Tanganyika (1931-34), and governor-general of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1934-40); knighted 1928.

F. Symington

Symington, Fife, in full John Fife Symington III (b. Aug. 12, 1945, New York City), governor of Arizona (1991-97); son of J. Fife Symington, Jr. A Republican, he edged former Phoenix mayor Terry Goddard by less than 1% in November 1990; but no one had a majority, and in February 1991 Symington won the runoff 52%-48%. He had been the target of charges by the Resolution Trust Corporation that he misused his power as director of a savings and loan that ultimately cost taxpayers $1 billion. As governor, he cut taxes, held down spending, and helped Republicans gain control of both houses of the legislature. Voters also approved a requirement for a two-thirds legislative majority to raise taxes, giving Symington huge leverage to hold the budget down. But Symington trailed in 1994 polls because of personal problems and attracted plenty of opposition. In the September primary he faced former White House aide Barbara Barrett and finally won convincingly, 68%-32%. Democrat Eddie Basha led in the general until right before the election when he said he would be willing to sign legislation legalizing same-sex marriages. In conservative Arizona, Symington's statement that he would veto any such measure went over much better, and enabled him to surge to a 52%-44% victory. But less than a year into his second term, he was bankrupt, facing federal indictment, paying out nearly $20,000 a month to lawyers to shield him from the approaching fiscal and legal calamity. Never wildly popular, despite being elected twice, he saw his ratings in the polls fall to new lows in the weeks following his bankruptcy filing. In 1997 he was charged with 22 counts of bank fraud, attempted extortion, and perjury. When he was convicted on seven bank-fraud charges in September, he resigned as governor.

Symington, J(ohn) Fife, Jr. (b. Aug. 27, 1910, Baltimore, Md. - d. Dec. 9, 2007, Baltimore), U.S. diplomat; cousin of Stuart Symington. He was ambassador to Trinidad and Tobago (1969-71).

S. Symington

Symington, (William) Stuart (b. June 26, 1901, Amherst, Mass. - d. Dec. 14, 1988, New Canaan, Conn.), U.S. politician. In 1945 Pres. Harry S. Truman appointed him chairman of the Surplus Property Board. When this was later replaced by the Surplus Property Administration, Symington was made the administrator. On Jan. 18, 1946, he was named assistant secretary of war for air, and on Sept. 18, 1947, secretary of the air force. In April 1950 he resigned as air force secretary in protest against budgetary restrictions and became chairman of the National Security Resources Board (NSRB), an agency set up under the military unification act of 1947 to coordinate military, industrial, and civilian mobilization. In September Truman designated Symington, in his capacity as NSRB chairman, to act as coordinator of economic mobilization, administering the control powers given the president by the Defense Production Act of 1950. Symington repeatedly made public warnings concerning the gravity of international affairs; on October 4, for example, he stated that the nation had "a good chance of losing" a future war unless it built up adequate civilian defense. In 1951-52 he was head of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. In 1953 he became a U.S. senator, representing Missouri as a Democrat. He continued his commitment to national defense, warning before the launch of Sputnik in 1957 that the U.S.S.R. was assuming a dominant scientific and military position. He was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination as a dark horse in 1956 and more actively in 1960. In the late 1960s he opposed the Vietnam War. He retired from the Senate in 1976.

Symmonds

Symmonds, Kerrie (Drurard) (b. June 1, 1966), foreign minister of Barbados (2022- ). He was also minister of tourism and international transport (2018-20), energy, small business, and entrepreneurship (2020-22), and energy and business development (2022).

Symonenko, Petro (Mykolayovych) (b. Aug. 1, 1952, Stalino, Ukrainian S.S.R. [now Donetsk, Ukraine]), Ukrainian politician. He has been first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (1993- ) and a presidential candidate (1999, 2004, 2010, 2014; in 2019 his registration was denied).

V. Symonenko

Symonenko, Valentyn (Kostyantynovych) (b. July 4, 1940, Odessa, Ukrainian S.S.R.), acting prime minister of Ukraine (1992). He was also mayor of Odessa (1983-92), presidential representative in Odessa oblast (1992), a first deputy prime minister (1992), and chairman of the Accounting Chamber (1996-2011).

B. Symonette

Symonette, (Theodore) Brent (b. Dec. 2, 1954), deputy prime minister and foreign minister of The Bahamas (2007-12); son of Sir Roland T. Symonette. In 2017-19 he was minister of financial services, trade and industry, and immigration.

Symonette, Sir Roland T(heodore) (b. Dec. 16, 1898, The Current, Eleuthera, Bahamas - d. March 13, 1980, Nassau, The Bahamas), Bahamian politician. He became a member of the House of Assembly in 1935 and of the United Bahamian Party (UBP) Executive Council in 1949. He was knighted in 1959. From 1955 to 1964 he was leader of the government in the House of Assembly. As leader of the UBP he became the first premier of The Bahamas in 1964, when internal self-government was introduced. He was one of the "Bay Street Boys," a financier group that opened up The Bahamas to tourism and investment, particularly from the U.S., with gambling casinos as an important adjunct. This policy aroused resentment among the black population, whose Progressive Liberal Party was to form the next government in 1967. He was leader of the opposition party in the House of Assembly from 1967 until he resigned his parliamentary seat in 1977.

Sypesteyn, Cornelis Ascanius van (b. March 19, 1823, Haarlem, Netherlands - d. Sept. 24, 1892, The Hague, Netherlands), governor-general of Dutch Guiana (1873-82).

Sypkens, Tammo (b. April 27, 1780, Groningen, Netherlands - d. Nov. 12, 1842, Zuidbroek, Groningen, Netherlands), Dutch politician. He was chairman of the Second Chamber (1833-34).

Syrette, William Norman, byname Bill Syrette (b. Nov. 26, 1929 - d. Jan. 3, 2017), acting administrator of the Cocos Islands (1988).

Syrimis, Georgios, English George Syrimis (b. October 1921, Nicosia, Cyprus - d. Jan. 5, 2010), finance minister of Cyprus (1988-93).

Syrový, Jan (b. Jan. 24, 1888, Trebíc, Austria [now in Czech Republic] - d. Oct. 17, 1970, Prague, Czechoslovakia [now in Czech Republic]), defense minister (1926, 1938-39), prime minister (1938), and acting president (1938) of Czechoslovakia. A hero of the Czechoslovak legions in Russia in World War I, he lost one eye in the Battle of Zborov (1917). He was chief of staff of the Czechoslovak army in 1926-33. In 1945 he was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment for collaboration with Germany; he was released in 1960.

Syrtsov, Sergey (Ivanovich) (b. July 17, 1893, Slavgorod, Russia [now Slavhorod, Dnipropetrovsk oblast, Ukraine] - d. [executed] Sept. 10, 1937), chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian S.F.S.R. (1929-30). He was also first secretary of the party committee of Sibirsky kray (1926-29).

Syse

Syse, Jan Peder (b. Nov. 25, 1930, Nøtterøy island, Norway - d. Sept. 17, 1997, Oslo, Norway), prime minister of Norway (1989-90). In 1952 he was elected chairman of the Conservative Students' Association, and in the following year he became chairman of Norway's national association of students (Det Norske Studentersamfund). As chairman (1959-63) of Unge Høyres, the youth wing of the Conservative Party (Høyre), he played an active part in the debate aimed at evolving a "modern" conservative ideology that would free Høyre from its traditional image as a party primarily for the wealthy and powerful. Central to this debate was the concept of "the property-owning democracy," about which he wrote a pamphlet in 1961. Over the next two decades he headed various party committees entrusted with formulating Conservative policy on key issues, ranging from industrial democracy to education and housing policy. He moved to the civil service in 1967 for a two-year stint at the Ministry of Trade, followed by two years as deputy minister of justice in a four-party, nonsocialist coalition. He was first elected to the Storting (parliament) in 1965, as a "deputy," or stand-in, member. In 1973 he became a full-time member. He headed the Storting's justice committee (1979-80) and its finance committee (1981-83), then was industry minister (1983-85). He became chairman of his party's group in the Storting in 1985 and was chosen leader of his party in 1988. He was president of the Nordic Council in 1988-89. Syse lacked charisma and failed notably to win new voters for his party during the autumn 1989 election campaign. Nevertheless, he became prime minister of a three-party minority coalition which, however, resigned after just over a year. He continued to lead his party until 1991.

Sysoyev, Pyotr (Petrovich) (b. Jan. 22 [Jan. 9, O.S.], 1912, Papanevo, Vyatka province [now in Udmurtia republic], Russia - d. 1986), chairman of the Council of Ministers (1952-59) and chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1959-77) of the Udmurt A.S.S.R.

Sysuyev, Oleg (Nikolayevich) (b. March 23, 1953, Kuybyshev, Russian S.F.S.R. [now Samara, Russia]), Russian politician. He was mayor of Samara (1992-97), a deputy prime minister (1997-98), and minister of labour and social development (1997-98).

Sytzama, Maurits Pico Diederik baron van (b. June 2, 1789, Driesum, Friesland, Netherlands - d. July 15, 1848, Leeuwarden, Netherlands), governor of Friesland (1840-48). He was also chairman of the Second Chamber (1837-38).

Syutkin, Albert (Fyodorovich) (b. Sept. 19, 1925, Syktyvkar, Komi autonomous oblast [now republic], Russian S.F.S.R. - d. Sept. 19, 2013), chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Komi A.S.S.R. (1984-88).

Syzdykbekov, Gabit (Abdimazhitovich) (b. July 8, 1980), head of Shymkent city (2023- ). He was also Kazakh ambassador to Serbia (2019-21).

Szabó, Iván (b. Jan. 8, 1934, Budapest, Hungary - d. Aug. 4, 2005), finance minister of Hungary (1993-94). He was also minister of industry and trade (1991-93).

J. Szabó

Szabó, János (b. June 1, 1941, Füzesabony, Hungary), defense minister of Hungary (1998-2002). A member of the Independent Smallholders party, he was a representative in a municipality of the capital city Budapest from 1994 and an MP from 1997.

Szakasits, Árpád (b. Dec. 6, 1888, Budapest, Hungary - d. May 3, 1965, Budapest), president (1948-49) and chairman of the Presidential Council (1949-50) of Hungary. He was also a minister of state (1945-48), a deputy premier (1946-48), and industry minister (1948).

Szalajda, Zbigniew (Karol) (b. May 11, 1934, Wilno, Poland [now Vilnius, Lithuania]), a deputy premier of Poland (1982-88). He was also minister of metallurgy (1980-81) and metallurgy and engineering industry (1981-82).

Szalamacha, Pawel (Wlodzimierz) (b. Jan. 24, 1969, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland), finance minister of Poland (2015-16).

Szálasi

Szálasi, Ferenc (b. Jan. 6, 1897, Kassa, Hungary [now Kosice, Slovakia] - d. March 12, 1946, Budapest, Hungary), Hungarian politician. He entered the army in 1921 and became a captain on the general staff in 1925. He joined right-wing military circles in 1930 and left the army for politics in 1935, founding the Party of National Will, later called the Arrow Cross Party. The party had grown to about 20,000 members by 1937, in which year he was arrested and sentenced to three months' imprisonment on charges of "agitation against the political and social order and against religious toleration," but the effort only made him a popular martyr and he was released within a few days. His radical nationalistic and anti-Semitic agitations, supported by Nazi Germany, were a sufficient threat to the conservative Hungarian government that he was again arrested in 1938 and sentenced to three years at hard labour. His party gained 31 of 296 seats in the elections of May 1939. He was released in 1940, but his movement continued to be repressed by the regime. As World War II was drawing to a close and as German troops entered Hungary in 1944, Szálasi offered his services to the Germans and was made prime minister and "leader of the nation." He cooperated completely with the Germans, established a totally fascist regime, and began a reign of terror against Jews, leftists, and deserters until the Germans left Hungary in April 1945. Captured by U.S. troops in Germany in May, he was returned to Hungary, where he was sentenced to death by the People's Tribunal (December) and executed.

Szapáry de Szapár, Gyula gróf (b. Nov. 1, 1832, Pest [now part of Budapest], Hungary - d. Jan. 20, 1905, Abbazia, Austria [now Opatija, Croatia]), interior minister (1873-75, 1890-92), finance minister (1878-87), and prime minister (1890-92) of Hungary. He was also minister of public works and transport (acting, 1880), industry and trade (1889), and agriculture (1889-90).

Szarka, Károly (b. Aug. 15, 1923, Újpest [now part of Budapest], Hungary - d. 2005), Hungarian diplomat. He was chargé d'affaires in India (1951-53), minister to the United States (1953-56), ambassador to Egypt and Sudan (1968-70), Yemen, South Yemen, and Libya (1969-70), and Japan (1983-85), and permanent representative to the United Nations (1970-74).

Szászy, Béla (b. Nov. 26, 1865, Pócsmegyer, Hungary - d. June 17, 1931, Budapest, Hungary), justice minister of Hungary (1919).

Szczepanik

Szczepanik, Edward (Franciszek) (b. Aug. 22, 1915, Suwalki, Poland - d. Oct. 11, 2005, Bricklehampton, Worcestershire, England), prime minister of the Polish government-in-exile (1986-90). During World War II he became operations officer to Gen. Roman Odzierzynski (also a future prime minister of the exiled government) as the Polish 2nd Corps fought its way up Italy. He demonstrated exceptional organizing capabilities and became the Polish exile government's representative to the Vatican. He served with the UN Food and Agricultural Organization from 1963 to 1977 and in 1981 was invited to join the émigré government in London as minister of national affairs, charged with monitoring events in Poland, before becoming prime minister five years later. During the presidential elections in Poland in 1990, Lech Walesa sent a messenger to tell the exile government that he wished to inherit office from its president Ryszard Kaczorowski, rather than from Wojciech Jaruzelski. Szczepanik responded by publicly backing the Solidarity leader, adding that the exiled government would dissolve itself if Walesa became president, as indeed it did.

Szczerski, Krzysztof (b. April 15, 1973, Kraków, Poland), Polish diplomat. He has been permanent representative to the United Nations (2021- ).

Szczurek, Mateusz (b. Aug. 11, 1975), finance minister of Poland (2013-15).

Szczyglo, Aleksander (Marek) (b. Oct. 27, 1963, Jeziorany, Poland - d. [plane crash] April 10, 2010, near Smolensk, Russia), defense minister of Poland (2007). He was also head of the presidential chancellery (2006-07) and head of the National Security Bureau (2009-10).

Széchenyi, Franjo (b. April 28, 1754, Fertöszéplak, Hungary - d. Dec. 13, 1820, Vienna, Austria), ban of Croatia (1783-85).

Szefernaker, Pawel (Maciej) (b. Feb. 27, 1987, Szczecin, Poland), interior minister of Poland (2023).

Székely, Béla (b. July 17, 1889, Budapest, Hungary - d. [executed] Jan. 10, 1939, U.S.S.R.), finance commissar of Hungary (1919).

Székely, Ferenc (b. March 11, 1842, Szombathely, Hungary - d. March 17, 1921, Budapest, Hungary), justice minister of Hungary (1910-13). He was also acting minister of worship and education (1910).

Szekér, Gyula (b. Sept. 24, 1925, Szombathely, Hungary - d. Dec. 17, 2015), a deputy premier of Hungary (1975-80). He was also minister of heavy industry (1971-75) and chairman of the Technical Development Committee (1980-84) and of the Office of Standards (1984-89).

Szekeres, Imre (b. Sept. 9, 1950, Szolnok, Hungary), defense minister of Hungary (2006-10).

Széll de Duka et Szentgyörgyvölgy, József (b. Oct. 14, 1880, Szombathely, Hungary - d. Aug. 27, 1956, Budapest, Hungary), interior minister of Hungary (1937-38).

Széll de Duka et Szentgyörgyvölgy, Kálmán (b. June 8, 1845, Gasztony, Hungary - d. Aug. 16, 1915, Rátót, Hungary), finance minister (1875-78) and prime minister and interior minister (1899-1903) of Hungary. He was also acting minister a latere (1900).

Szemere de Szemere, Bertalan (b. Aug. 27, 1812, Vatta, Hungary - d. Jan. 18, 1869, Pest [now part of Budapest], Hungary), interior minister (1848, 1849) and prime minister (1849) of Hungary.

Szende, Pál, surname until 1896 Schwarz (b. Feb. 7, 1879, Nyírbátor, Hungary - d. July 15, 1934, Seini [Szinérváralja], Romania), finance minister of Hungary (1918-19).

Szende de Keresztes, Béla, surname until 1839 Frummer (b. April 4, 1823, Lugos, Hungary [now Lugoj, Romania] - d. Aug. 18, 1882, Gavosdia, Hungary [now Gavojdia, Romania]), defense minister of Hungary (1872-82).

Szeptycki, Stanislaw (Maria Jan Teofil) (b. Nov. 3, 1867, Przylbice, Austria [now Prylbychi, Ukraine] - d. Oct. 9, 1950, Korczyna, Poland), military affairs minister of Poland (1923). He was also governor-general of Lublin (1917-18) and chief of the general staff (1918-19).

Szijjártó

Szijjártó, Péter (b. Oct. 30, 1978, Komárom, Hungary), foreign minister of Hungary (2014- ). He joined the Fidesz party in 1998 and was president of its youth organization Fidelitas in 2005-09, the party's communications director and spokesman in 2006-10, and chief of staff of the party's president in 2009-10. He became a member of the National Assembly in 2002. When Fidesz came to power in 2010, he became Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's spokesman until 2012 when he was appointed state secretary for foreign affairs and external economic relations in the prime minister's office. He was deputy minister of foreign affairs and trade, and parliamentary state secretary of that ministry, from June 2014, then became minister in September.

Szilágyi, Dezsö (b. April 1, 1840, Nagyvárad, Hungary [now Oradea, Romania] - d. July 31, 1901, Budapest, Hungary), justice minister of Hungary (1889-95). He was also speaker of the House of Representatives (1895-98).

Szlachcic, Franciszek (b. Feb. 5, 1920, Byczyna, Poland - d. Nov. 4, 1990, Warsaw, Poland), interior minister (1971) and a deputy premier (1974-76) of Poland.

Szlávy de Érkenéz et Okány, József (b. Nov. 23, 1818, Györ, Hungary - d. Aug. 8, 1900, Zsitvaújfalu, Hungary), prime minister (1872-74) and finance minister (1873-74) of Hungary and finance minister of Austria-Hungary (1880-82). He was also Hungarian minister of agriculture, industry, and trade (1870-72) and president of the House of Representatives (1879-80) and the House of Magnates (1894-96).

Szmajdzinski, Jerzy (Andrzej) (b. April 9, 1952, Wroclaw, Poland - d. [plane crash] April 10, 2010, near Smolensk, Russia), defense minister (2001-05) and acting interior minister (2004) of Poland.

Szögyény-Marich de Magyar-Szögyén et Szolgaegyháza, László gróf (b. Nov. 12, 1840, Vienna, Austria - d. June 11, 1916, Csór, Hungary), Hungarian politician. He was minister a latere (1890-92) and Austro-Hungarian ambassador to Germany (1892-1914). He was made gróf (count) in 1910.

Sztójay, Döme, until 1935 Demeter Stojakovics (b. Jan. 5, 1883, Versec, Hungary [now Vrsac, Vojvodina, Serbia] - d. [executed] Aug. 22, 1946, Budapest, Hungary), prime minister and foreign minister of Hungary (1944). He was also minister to Germany (1935-44).

Szubin, Adam (Jacob) (b. Dec. 16, 1972), acting U.S. treasury secretary (2017).

Szürös, Mátyás (b. Sept. 11, 1933, Püspökladány, Hungary), interim president of Hungary (1989-90). He was also ambassador to East Germany (1975-78) and the Soviet Union (1978-82).

Szydlak, Jan (Marian) (b. Nov. 24, 1925, Siemianowice Slaskie, Poland - d. Sept. 13, 1997), a deputy premier of Poland (1976-80). He was also first secretary of the party committee of Poznanskie województwo (1960-68).

Szydlo

Szydlo, Beata (Maria), née Kusinska (b. April 15, 1963, Oswiecim, Poland), prime minister of Poland (2015-17). In 2017-19 she was a deputy prime minister.

Szymanski, Julian (Juliusz) (b. May 10, 1870, Kielce, Poland - d. June 8, 1958, Bialystok, Poland), Polish politician. Also known as an ophthalmologist, he was marshal of the Senate (1928-30).

Szynkowski

Szynkowski vel Sek, Szymon (Andrzej) (b. Nov. 24, 1982, Poznan, Poland), foreign minister of Poland (2023). He was also minister of European Union affairs (2022-23).

Szyr, Eugeniusz (b. April 16, 1915, Lodygowice, Austria [now in Poland] - d. Jan. 15, 2000, Warsaw, Poland), a deputy premier of Poland (1959-72). He was also chairman of the Planning Commission (1954-56) and the Committee for Science and Technology (1963-68) and minister of construction (1956) and materials management (1976-81).