Madagascar - Malawi - Malaysia - Maldives - Mali - Malta - Sovereign Military Order of Malta - Marshall Islands - Martinique - Mauritania - Mauritius - Mayotte |
23 Oct 1817 King Radama I of Imerina, having conquered practically the
whole island, enters into a treaty of friendship and peace
with the U.K. in which he is recognized as king of Madagascar
1885 France declares Madagascar a protectorate
30 Sep 1895 Kingdom of Imerina recognizes French protectorate
27 Sep 1896 French colony
27 Oct 1946 French overseas territory
14 Oct 1958 autonomy (Malagasy Republic)
26 Jun 1960 independence
30 Dec 1975 Democratic Republic of Madagascar
12 Sep 1992 Republic of Madagascar
Kings/Queens (personal names in parentheses)
23 Oct 1817 - 27 Jul 1828 Radama I (b. 1792 - d. 1828)
1 Aug 1828 - 16 Aug 1861 Ranavalona I
Rabodoandrianampoinimerina
(Ramavo) (f) (b. c.1785 - d. 1861)
16 Aug 1861 - 12 May 1863 Radama II (Rakotosehenondradama) (b. 1829 - d. 1863)
13 May 1863 - 1 Apr 1868 Rasoherina (Rabodozanakandriana)
(f) (b. 1814 - d. 1868)
2 Apr 1868 - 13 Jul 1883 Ranavalona II (Ramoma) (f) (b. 1829 - d. 1883)
13 Jul 1883 - 28 Feb 1897 Ranavalona III (Razafindrahety)
(f) (b. 1861 - d. 1917)
Residents-general
28 Apr 1886 - Mar 1888 Charles Le Myre de Vilers
(1st time) (b. 1833 - d. 1918)
Mar 1888 - 12 Dec 1889 Arthur Larrouy (1st time)
12 Dec 1889 - 11 Oct 1890 Maurice Bompard (b. 1854 - d. 1935)
11 Oct 1890 - Oct 1892 Lacoste (acting)
Oct 1892 - 1894 Arthur Larrouy (2nd time)
1894 - 1 Dec 1895 Charles Le Myre de Vilers
(2nd time) (s.a.)
16 Jan 1896 - 28 Sep 1896 Hippolyte Laroche (b. 1848 - d. 1914)
28 Sep 1896 - 31 Jul 1897 Joseph Gallieni (b. 1849 - d. 1916)
Governors-general
31 Jul 1897 - 11 May 1905 Joseph Gallieni (s.a.)
11 May 1905 - 1 Jan 1906 Charles Lepreux (acting) (b. 1856 - d. 1930)
1 Jan 1906 - 13 Dec 1909 Victor Augagneur (b. 1855 - d. 1931)
13 Dec 1909 - 16 Jan 1910 Hubert Garbit (1st time) (b. 1869 - d. 1933)
(acting)
16 Jan 1910 - 31 Oct 1910 Henri Cor (acting) (b. 1864 - d. 1932)
31 Oct 1910 - 14 Oct 1914 Albert Picquié (b. 1853 - d. 1917)
14 Oct 1914 - 19 Jun 1917 Hubert Garbit (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Jul 1917 - 1 Aug 1918 Martial Merlin (b. 1860 - d. 1935)
1 Aug 1918 - 12 Jul 1919 Abraham Schrameck (b. 1867 - d. 1948)
12 Jul 1919 - 22 Jun 1920 Joseph Guyon (acting) (b. 1870 - d. 1942)
22 Jun 1920 - 13 Mar 1923 Hubert Garbit (3rd time) (s.a.)
13 Mar 1923 - 20 Feb 1924 Auguste Brunet (acting) (b. 1878 - d. 1957)
20 Feb 1924 - 30 Jan 1929 Marcel Olivier (b. 1879 - d. 1945)
30 Jan 1929 - 1 May 1930 Hugues Berthier (acting) (b. 1869 - d. 1958)
1 May 1930 - 22 Apr 1939 Léon Cayla (1st time) (b. 1881 - d. 1965)
22 Apr 1939 - 10 Jun 1939 Léon Réallon (acting) (b. 1882 - d. 1960)
10 Jun 1939 - 30 Jul 1940 Marcel de Coppet (b. 1881 - d. 1968)
30 Jul 1940 - 15 Feb 1941 Léon Cayla (2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Apr 1941 - 30 Sep 1942 Armand Annet (b. 1888 - d. 1973)
30 Sep 1942 - 7 Jan 1943 Victor Marius Bech (acting) (b. 1891 - d. 1979)
7 Jan 1943 - 3 May 1943 Paul Legentilhomme (b. 1884 - d. 1975)
3 May 1943 - 27 Mar 1946 Pierre de Saint-Mart (b. 1885 - d. 1965)
27 Mar 1946 - 19 May 1946 Robert Boudry (acting) (b. 1893 - d. 1973)
High commissioners
19 May 1946 - 23 Dec 1947 Marcel de Coppet (s.a.)
Feb 1948 - 3 Feb 1950 Pierre de Chevigné (b. 1909 - d. 2004)
3 Feb 1950 - Oct 1954 Robert Bargues (b. 1900 - d. 1989)
Oct 1954 - 1 May 1959 André Soucadaux (b. 1904 - d. 2001)
Presidents
1 May 1959 - 11 Oct 1972 Philibert Tsiranana (b. 1912 - d. 1978)
Jan 1970 - 25 May 1970 Triumvirate
(acting for Tsiranana)
- André Resampa (b. 1924 - d. 1993)
- Jacques Rabemananjara (b. 1913 - d. 2005)
- Calvin Tsiebo (b. 1902 - d. 2008)
11 Oct 1972 - 5 Feb 1975 Gabriel Ramanantsoa (b. 1906 - d. 1979)
(Head of State)
5 Feb 1975 - 11 Feb 1975 Richard Ratsimandrava (b. 1931 - d. 1975)
(Head of State)
12 Feb 1975 - 15 Jun 1975 Gilles Andriamahazo (b. 1919 - d. 1989)
(chairman National Military Leadership Committee)
15 Jun 1975 - 27 Mar 1993 Didier Ratsiraka (1st time) (b. 1936 - d. 2021)
(chairman Supreme Revolutionary Council to 4 Jan 1976)
27 Mar 1993 - 5 Sep 1996 Albert Zafy (b. 1927 - d. 2017)
5 Sep 1996 - 9 Feb 1997 Norbert Ratsirahonana (acting) (b. 1938)
9 Feb 1997 - 5 Jul 2002 Didier Ratsiraka (2nd time) (s.a.)
(from 25 Feb 2002 in Toamasina)
22 Feb 2002 - 17 Mar 2009 Marc Ravalomanana (b. 1949)
(in opposition to Ratsiraka to 5 Jul 2002)
17 Mar 2009 (hours) Hyppolite Ramaroson (b. 1951)
(head of military directorate)
17 Mar 2009 - 25 Jan 2014 Andry Rajoelina (1st time) (b. 1974)
(president of High Authority of Transition)
25 Jan 2014 - 7 Sep 2018 Hery Rajaonarimampianina (b. 1958)
7 Sep 2018 - 18 Jan 2019 Rivo Rakotovao (acting) (b. 1960)
18 Jan 2019 - 9 Sep 2023 Andry Rajoelina (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Sep 2023 - 27 Oct 2023 Christian Ntsay (acting) (b. 1961)
27 Oct 2023 - 16 Dec 2023 Richard Ravalomanana (acting) (b. 1959)
16 Dec 2023 - Andry Rajoelina (3rd time) (s.a.)
Prime ministers
1833 - 1852 Rainiharo (b. 17... - d. 1852)
1852 - Jul 1864 Rainivoninahitriniony (b. 1821 - d. 1869)
14 Jul 1864 - 14 Oct 1895 Rainilaiarivony (b. 1828 - d. 1896)
15 Oct 1895 - Oct 1896 Rainitsimbazafy (b. 1835? - d. 1905)
Oct 1896 - Feb 1897 Ombalahivelo Rasanjy (b. 1851 - d. 1918)
(principal governor)
27 May 1957 - 1 May 1959 Philibert Tsiranana (s.a.)
(vice president of Executive Council to 14 Oct 1958)
18 May 1972 - 5 Feb 1975 Gabriel Ramanantsoa (s.a.)
11 Jan 1976 - 30 Jul 1976 Joël Rakotomalala (b. 1929 - d. 1976)
12 Aug 1976 - 31 Jul 1977 Justin Rakotoniaina (b. 1933 - d. 2001)
31 Jul 1977 - 12 Feb 1988 Désiré Rakotoarijaona (b. 1934)
12 Feb 1988 - 8 Aug 1991 Victor Ramahatra (b. 1945)
8 Aug 1991 - 9 Aug 1993 Guy Razanamasy (b. 1928 - d. 2011)
9 Aug 1993 - 30 Oct 1995 Francisque Ravony (b. 1942 - d. 2003)
30 Oct 1995 - 28 May 1996 Emmanuel Rakotovahiny (b. 1938 - d. 2020)
28 May 1996 - 21 Feb 1997 Norbert Ratsirahonana (s.a.)
21 Feb 1997 - 23 Jul 1998 Pascal Rakotomavo (b. 1934 - d. 2010)
23 Jul 1998 - 31 May 2002 Tantely Andrianarivo (b. 1954 - d. 2023)
(under house arrest from 27 May 2002)
26 Feb 2002 - 20 Jan 2007 Jacques Sylla (b. 1946 - d. 2009)
(appointed by Ravalomanana)
31 May 2002 - 5 Jul 2002 Jean-Jacques Rasolondraibe (b. 1947)
(interim; appointed by Ratsiraka)
20 Jan 2007 - 17 Mar 2009 Charles Rabemananjara (b. 1947)
17 Mar 2009 - 10 Oct 2009 Monja Roindefo (b. 1965)
(continues in opposition to 13 Nov 2009)
10 Oct 2009 - 18 Dec 2009 Eugène Mangalaza (b. 1950)
18 Dec 2009 - 20 Dec 2009 Cécile Manorohanta (f)
20 Dec 2009 - 2 Nov 2011 Albert Camille Vital (b. 1952)
2 Nov 2011 - 16 Apr 2014 Omer Beriziky (b. 1950)
16 Apr 2014 - 17 Jan 2015 Roger Kolo (b. 1943)
17 Jan 2015 - 13 Apr 2016 Jean Ravelonarivo (b. 1959)
13 Apr 2016 - 6 Jun 2018 Solonandrasana Olivier Mahafaly (b. 1964)
6 Jun 2018 - Christian Ntsay (s.a.)
1886 French colony
6 Aug 1896 incorporated into Madagascar
Commandants
1886 - 1887 Henri Caillet
1887 - 6 Aug 1896 Ernest Emmanuel Froger (b. 1848 - d. ...)
14 Jul 1840 French colony (subordinated to Île Bourbon [Réunion])
25 Mar 1843 subordinated to Mayotte
1878 separate colony
6 Aug 1896 incorporated into Madagascar
Commandants
3 Feb 1841 - 1842 François Gouhot (b. 1802 - d. ...)
1842 Pierre Passot (b. 1806 - d. 1854)
1842 - 1845 Charles Auguste Morel
1845 - 1848 Henry Martin Lamy (b. 1802 - d. ...)
1848 - 1851 Jean Ernest Marchaisse (b. 1814 - d. ...)
1851 Alexandre Berg
1851 - 1852 Jean Lapeyre-Bellair
1852 - 1853 Thomas Dupuis (1st time) (b. 1813 - d. ...)
1853 - 1854 André Brisset (b. 1808 - d. ...)
1854 - 1855 Louis Arnoux
1855 - 1856 Joseph Septans (b. 1812 - d. ...)
1856 - 1858 Thomas Dupuis (2nd time) (s.a.)
1858 - 1860 Paul Dupérier
1860 - 1861 Paul-Gustave Sachet
1861 - 1865 Vincent Derussat (b. 1806 - d. ...)
1865 - 1866 Pierre Lucas
1866 - 1868 Joseph Hayes (b. 1814 - d. ...)
1868 - 1869 Louis Chériner
1869 - 1870 Aimé Champy (b. 1837 - d. ...)
1870 - 1871 Patrice Louis Jules Ventre de la
Touloubre (b. 1813 - d. ...)
1871 - 1872 Jean-Baptiste Barnier
1872 - 1873 Alexandre Marie Le Clos (b. 1828 - d. ...)
1873 - 1874 Honoré Léchelle (b. 1827 - d. ...)
1874 - 1875 Claude Fontaine
1875 - 1876 Joseph Carle (b. 1830 - d. ...)
1876 Arthur Paul Feutray (b. 1829 - d. ...)
1876 - 1878 François Ferriez (b. 1834 - d. ...)
1878 - 1883 Alphonse Seignac-Lesseps (b. c.1829 - d. ...)
1883 - 1886 Alexandre Le Maitre (b. 1836 - d. ...)
1886 - 1888 Léon Émile Clément-Thomas
1889 - 6 Aug 1896 Joseph François (b. 1853 - d. 19...)
30 Jul 1750 French colony
Jul 1754 - 15 Oct 1818 unoccupied
15 Oct 1818 subordinated to Île Bourbon (Réunion)
2 Mar 1843 subordinated to Mayotte
1853 separate colony
27 Oct 1876 subordinated to Réunion
4 May 1888 subordinated to Diégo-Suarez
28 Jan 1896 incorporated into Madagascar
Administrator
1750 - 1754 Gosse (b. ... - d. 1754)
Commandants
1819 - 15 Apr 1821 Jean-Louis Carayon (1st time) (b. 1794 - d. ...)
15 Apr 1821 - 2 Apr 1823 Sylvain Roux (b. ... - d. 1823)
2 Apr 1823 - 29 Apr 1823 François Fortuné Albrand (b. 1795 - d. 1826)
29 Apr 1823 - Oct 1826 Hercule Blevec (1st time) (b. 1792 - d. 1866)
Oct 1826 - May 1827 Giraud (acting)
May 1827 - 24 Oct 1830 Hercule Blevec (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Oct 1830 - 1830 Jean-Louis Carayon (2nd time) (s.a.)
1830 - 1841 direct rule from Île Bourbon (Réunion)
1841 - 1849 Raimond Vergés
1849 - 1850 Pierre Balthasar Mermier
(1st time)
1850 - 1851 André Brisset (b. 1808 - d. ...)
1851 - 1853 Pierre Balthasar Mermier
(2nd time)
1853 Félix Grébert
1853 - 1855 Jean Pierre Thomas Durand (b. 1810 - d. ...)
1855 - 1858 Anne Jean Baptiste Raffenel (b. 1809 - d. 1858)
1858 - 1868 Jean-Paul de la Grange
1868 - 1874 Louis Blandinières (b. 1814 - d. ...)
1874 - 1878 Charles Vassal
1878 - 1896 direct rule from Réunion/Diégo-Suarez
14 May 1891 Nyasaland Districts Protectorate
22 Feb 1893 British Central Africa Protectorate
6 Jul 1907 Nyasaland
3 Sep 1953 - 31 Dec 1963 part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
(see under Zimbabwe)
6 Jul 1964 independence as Malawi
6 Jul 1966 Republic of Malawi
Commissioners
1 Feb 1891 - 16 Apr 1896 Harry Johnston (from 10 Jan 1896,
Sir Harry Johnston) (b. 1858 - d. 1927)
16 Apr 1896 - 1 Apr 1907 Alfred Sharpe (from 26 Jun 1903,
Sir Alfred Sharpe) (b. 1853 - d. 1935)
1 Apr 1907 - Sep 1907 Francis Barrow Pearce (acting) (b. 1866 - d. 1926)
Governors
Oct 1907 - 1 May 1908 Sir William Manning (1st time) (b. 1863 - d. 1932)
(acting)
1 May 1908 - 1 Apr 1910 Sir Alfred Sharpe (s.a.)
1 Apr 1910 - 4 Jul 1910 Francis Barrow Pearce (acting) (s.a.)
4 Jul 1910 - 6 Feb 1911 Henry Richard Wallis (acting) (b. 1866 - d. 1946)
6 Feb 1911 - 23 Sep 1913 Sir William Manning (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Sep 1913 - 12 Apr 1923 George Smith (from 22 Jun 1914,
Sir George Smith) (b. 1858 - d. 1938)
12 Apr 1923 - 27 Mar 1924 Richard Rankine (acting) (b. 1875 - d. 1961)
27 Mar 1924 - 30 May 1929 Sir Charles Bowring (b. 1872 - d. 1945)
30 May 1929 - 7 Nov 1929 Wilfred Bennett Davidson-Houston (b. 1870 - d. 1960)
(acting)
7 Nov 1929 - 1932 Shenton Thomas (from 1 Jan 1931,
Sir Shenton Thomas) (b. 1879 - d. 1962)
22 Nov 1932 - 9 Apr 1934 Sir Hubert Winthrop Young (b. 1885 - d. 1950)
9 Apr 1934 - 21 Sep 1934 Kenneth Lambert Hall (acting) (b. 1887 - d. 1979)
21 Sep 1934 - 14 Jan 1939 Sir Harold Baxter Kittermaster (b. 1879 - d. 1939)
20 Mar 1939 - 1942 Sir Donald Mackenzie-Kennedy (b. 1889 - d. 1965)
8 Aug 1942 - 27 Mar 1947 Sir Edmund Charles Richards (b. 1889 - d. 1955)
30 Mar 1947 - 1956 Geoffrey Francis Taylor Colby
(from 9 Jun 1949, Sir Geoffrey
Francis Taylor Colby) (b. 1901 - d. 1958)
10 Apr 1956 - 1961 Sir Robert Armitage (b. 1906 - d. 1990)
10 Apr 1961 - 6 Jul 1964 Sir Glyn Jones (b. 1908 - d. 1992)
Governor-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
6 Jul 1964 - 6 Jul 1966 Sir Glyn Jones (s.a.)
Presidents
6 Jul 1966 - 21 May 1994 Hastings Kamuzu Banda (b. 1898? - d. 1997)
21 May 1994 - 24 May 2004 Bakili Muluzi (b. 1943)
24 May 2004 - 5 Apr 2012 Bingu wa Mutharika (b. 1934 - d. 2012)
7 Apr 2012 - 31 May 2014 Joyce Banda (f) (b. 1950)
31 May 2014 - 28 Jun 2020 Peter Mutharika (b. 1940)
28 Jun 2020 - Lazarus Chakwera (b. 1955)
Prime minister
1 Feb 1963 - 6 Jul 1966 Hastings Kamuzu Banda (s.a.)
1 Jul 1896 Federated Malay States (Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak,
Selangor)
Jan 1942 - Sep 1945 occupied by Japan
1 Apr 1946 Malayan Union (federated and unfederated Malay states plus
Malacca and Penang)
1 Feb 1948 Federation of Malaya
31 Aug 1957 independence
16 Sep 1963 Malaysia (accession of Sabah [formerly North Borneo],
Sarawak, and Singapore)
9 Aug 1965 withdrawal of Singapore
High commissioners
1 Jul 1896 - 1 Apr 1946 the governors of the Straits
Settlements (see Singapore)
Residents-general
1896 - 1901 Frank Athelstane Swettenham (from
22 Jun 1897, Sir Frank Athelstane
Swettenham) (b. 1850 - d. 1946)
1902 - 1904 William Hood Treacher (from 24 Jun
1904, Sir William Hood Treacher) (b. 1849 - d. 1919)
1905 - 1910 William Thomas Taylor (from 30 Jun
1905, Sir William Thomas Taylor) (b. 1848 - d. 1931)
1910 - 1911 Sir Arthur Henderson Young (b. 1854 - d. 1938)
Chief secretaries
1911 - 1920 Edward Lewis Brockman (from 1 Jan
1913, Sir Edward Lewis Brockman) (b. 1865 - d. 1943)
1920 - 1926 George Maxwell (from 3 Jun 1924,
Sir George Maxwell) (b. 1871 - d. 1959)
1926 - 1930 William Peel (from 4 Jun 1928,
Sir William Peel) (b. 1875 - d. 1945)
1930 - 1932 Charles Walter Hamilton Cochrane (b. 1876 - d. 1932)
1932 - 1934 Andrew Caldecott (b. 1884 - d. 1951)
1934 - 1935 Malcolm Bond Shelley (b. 1879 - d. 1968)
1935 - 1936 Marcus Rex (b. 1886 - d. 1971)
Federal secretaries
1936 - 1939 Christopher Dominic Ahearne (b. 1886 - d. 1964)
1939 - Jan 1942 Hugh Fraser (b. 1890 - d. 1944)
Governor-general (of the Malayan Union and Singapore)
22 May 1946 - 1 May 1948 Malcolm John MacDonald (b. 1901 - d. 1981)
Governor
1 Apr 1946 - 1 Feb 1948 Sir Edward Gent (b. 1895 - d. 1948)
High commissioners
1 Feb 1948 - 4 Jul 1948 Sir Edward Gent (s.a.)
1 Oct 1948 - 6 Oct 1951 Sir Henry Lovell Goldworthy Gurney (b. 1898 - d. 1951)
15 Jan 1952 - 31 May 1954 Sir Gerald Walter Robert Templer (b. 1898 - d. 1979)
31 May 1954 - 31 Aug 1957 Sir Donald Charles MacGillivray (b. 1906 - d. 1966)
Paramount rulers, with the title of yang di-pertuan agong
31 Aug 1957 - 1 Apr 1960 Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni
al-Marhum Yamtuan Muhammad (b. 1895 - d. 1960)
1 Apr 1960 - 1 Sep 1960 Tuanku Hisamuddin Alam Shah
ibni al-Marhum Sultan Alaeddin
Sulaiman Shah (b. 1898 - d. 1960)
(acting to 14 Apr 1960)
1 Sep 1960 - 20 Sep 1965 Syed Harun Putra ibni al-Marhum
Syed Hasan Jamalullail (b. 1920 - d. 2000)
(acting to 21 Sep 1960)
21 Sep 1965 - 20 Sep 1970 Tuanku Ismail Nasiruddin Shah
ibni al-Marhum Sultan Zainal
Abidin Muadzam Shah (b. 1907 - d. 1979)
21 Sep 1970 - 20 Sep 1975 Tuanku Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah
ibni al-Marhum Sultan Badlishah
(1st time) (b. 1927 - d. 2017)
21 Sep 1975 - 29 Mar 1979 Tuanku Yahya Petra ibni al-Marhum
Sultan Ibrahim (b. 1917 - d. 1979)
29 Mar 1979 - 25 Apr 1984 Tuanku Ahmad Shah al-Mustain
Billah ibni al-Marhum Sultan Abu
Bakar Riayatuddin al-Muadzam Shah (b. 1930 - d. 2019)
(acting to 26 Apr 1979)
26 Apr 1984 - 25 Apr 1989 Tuanku Mahmud Iskandar ibni
al-Marhum Sultan Ismail (b. 1932 - d. 2010)
26 Apr 1989 - 25 Apr 1994 Tuanku Azlan Muhibuddin Shah ibni
al-Marhum Sultan Yusuf Izzuddin
Shah Ghafarullahu-Lah (b. 1928 - d. 2014)
26 Apr 1994 - 25 Apr 1999 Tuanku Jaafar ibni al-Marhum
Yamtuan Abdul Rahman (b. 1922 - d. 2008)
26 Apr 1999 - 21 Nov 2001 Tuanku Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah
ibni al-Marhum Sultan Hisamuddin
Alam Shah (b. 1926 - d. 2001)
21 Nov 2001 - 13 Dec 2001 Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin ibni
al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud (1st time) (b. 1962)
(acting [for Salahuddin from 8 Oct 2001])
13 Dec 2001 - 12 Dec 2006 Syed Sirajuddin ibni al-Marhum
Syed Putra Jamalullail (b. 1943)
13 Dec 2006 - 12 Dec 2011 Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin ibni
al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Dec 2011 - 12 Dec 2016 Tuanku Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah
ibni al-Marhum Sultan Badlishah
(2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Dec 2016 - 6 Jan 2019 Tuanku Muhammad V ibni Sultan
Ismail Petra (b. 1969)
6 Jan 2019 - 31 Jan 2019 Tuanku Nazrin Muizzuddin Shah ibni
al-Marhum Sultan Azlan Muhibuddin
Shah (acting) (b. 1956)
31 Jan 2019 - 31 Jan 2024 Tuanku Abdullah Riayatuddin
al-Mustafa Billah Shah ibni Sultan
Ahmad Shah (b. 1959)
31 Jan 2024 - Tuanku Ibrahim Ismail ibni
al-Marhum Sultan Iskandar (b. 1958)
Chief minister
4 Aug 1955 - 28 Aug 1957 Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Alhaj (b. 1903 - d. 1990)
Prime ministers
28 Aug 1957 - 15 Apr 1959 Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Alhaj
(1st time) (s.a.)
16 Apr 1959 - 21 Aug 1959 Dato' Abdul Razak bin Hussein
(1st time) (b. 1922 - d. 1976)
21 Aug 1959 - 22 Sep 1970 Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Alhaj
(2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Sep 1970 - 14 Jan 1976 Tun Abdul Razak bin Hussein
(2nd time) (s.a.)
15 Jan 1976 - 16 Jul 1981 Datuk Hussein bin Onn (b. 1922 - d. 1990)
16 Jul 1981 - 31 Oct 2003 Dato' Seri Mahathir bin Mohamad
(1st time) (b. 1925)
31 Oct 2003 - 3 Apr 2009 Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (b. 1939)
3 Apr 2009 - 10 May 2018 Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak (b. 1953)
10 May 2018 - 1 Mar 2020 Tun Mahathir bin Mohamad
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Mar 2020 - 21 Aug 2021 Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin (b. 1947)
21 Aug 2021 - 24 Nov 2022 Datuk Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob (b. 1960)
24 Nov 2022 - Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim (b. 1947)
7 Jul 1153 sultanate
16 Dec 1887 - 26 Jul 1965 British protectorate
1 Jan 1953 republic
7 Mar 1954 sultanate
11 Nov 1968 republic
14 Apr 1969 name changed from Maldive Islands to Maldives
Sultans¹
- Uteem dynasty -
Jul 1692 - Jan 1701 Muhammad (b. 16... - d. 1701)
- Isdoo dynasty -
Jan 1701 - Oct 1701 `Ali VI (b. 16... - d. 1701)
Oct 1701 - 1701 al-Hasan X (b. 1688 - d. 1765)
1701 - Dec 1704 Muzhir ad-Din Ibrahim
- Diyamigili dynasty -
Dec 1704 - Oct 1721 `Imad ad-Din II Muhammad
al-Muzaffar (b. 1661 - d. 1721)
Oct 1721 - Feb 1750 Ibrahim Iskandar II (b. 1708 - d. 1750)
Feb 1750 - 25 Jun 1757 `Imad ad-Din III Muhammad
al-Mukarram (b. 1717 - d. 1757)
1757 - 1759 Amina Rani Kilagefanu (f) (rani)
- Huraage dynasty -
6 Dec 1759 - 2 Feb 1767 `Izz ad-Din al-Hasan Badeiri
al-Ghazi (b. ... - d. 1767)
- Diyamigili dynasty -
1767 - Dec 1773 Ghiyath ad-Din Muhammad (b. ... - d. 1774)
- Huraage dynasty -
Dec 1773 - May 1774 Shams ad-Din II Muhammad Iskandar (b. ... - d. 1779)
May 1774 - 13 Sep 1779 Mu`izz ad-Din Muhammad Iskandar (b. ... - d. 1779)
13 Sep 1779 - 2 Jun 1799 Nur ad-Din I al-Hasan (b. af.1751 - d. 1799)
2 Jun 1799 - 22 Jan 1835 Mu`in ad-Din I Muhammad (b. ... - d. 1835)
22 Jan 1835 - 10 Jan 1882 `Imad ad-Din IV Muhammad (b. 1818 - d. 1882)
10 Jan 1882 - 18 Dec 1886 Nur ad-Din II Ibrahim (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1892)
18 Dec 1886 - 1888 Mu`in ad-Din II Muhammad (b. ... - d. 1892)
1888 - 29 Nov 1892 Nur ad-Din II Ibrahim (2nd time) (s.a.)
Dec 1892 - May 1893 `Imad ad-Din V Muhammad (b. 1884 - d. 1920)
May 1893 - 3 Aug 1893 Shams ad-Din III Muhammad
Iskandar (1st time) (b. 1879 - d. 1935)
3 Aug 1893 - 12 Mar 1903 `Imad ad-Din VI Muhammad (b. c.1863 - d. 19...)
12 Mar 1903 - 2 Oct 1934 Shams ad-Din III Muhammad
Iskandar (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Oct 1934 - 12 Mar 1935 Amir `Ali Muhammad Farid
(1st time)
(chairman Council of Regency)
12 Mar 1935 - 8 Apr 1943 Nur ad-Din al-Hasan (b. 1902 - d. ...)
8 Apr 1943 - 3 Oct 1945 Amir `Ali Muhammad Farid
(2nd time)
(chairman Council of Regency)
3 Oct 1945 - 21 Feb 1952 Amin Abdul Majid Didi (b. 1873 - d. 1952)
(elected but lived abroad; never installed)
21 Feb 1952 - 1 Jan 1953 Amir Ahmad Muhammad Amin Didi (b. 1910 - d. 1954)
(chairman Council of Regency)
Presidents
1 Jan 1953 - 2 Sep 1953 Amir Ahmad Muhammad Amin Didi (s.a.)
2 Sep 1953 - 7 Mar 1954 Ibrahim Muhammad Didi (acting) (b. 1915? - d. 198...)
Sultan¹
7 Mar 1954 - 11 Nov 1968 Muhammad Farid Didi (b. 1901 - d. 1969)
Presidents
11 Nov 1968 - 11 Nov 1978 Ibrahim Nasir (b. 1926 - d. 2008)
11 Nov 1978 - 11 Nov 2008 Maumoon Abdul Gayoom (b. 1937)
11 Nov 2008 - 7 Feb 2012 Mohamed Nasheed (b. 1967)
7 Feb 2012 - 17 Nov 2013 Mohamed Waheed Hassan (b. 1953)
17 Nov 2013 - 17 Nov 2018 Abdulla Yameen (b. 1959)
17 Nov 2018 - 17 Nov 2023 Ibrahim Mohamed Solih (b. 1962)
17 Nov 2023 - Mohamed Muizzu (b. 1978)
Grand viziers
1883 - 1887 Ibrahim Dhoshimeyna Kilegefaanu
(1st time) (b. 1845 - d. 1925)
1887 - 1888 ...
1888 - 1899 Ibrahim Dhoshimeyna Kilegefaanu
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1899 - 1904 ...
1904 - 1925 Ibrahim Dhoshimeyna Kilegefaanu
(3rd time) (s.a.)
1925 - 1932 Amin Abdul Majid Didi (s.a.)
Prime ministers
1932 - 1933 Muhammad Farid Didi (s.a.)
1933 - 1935 Amin Abdul Majid Didi (s.a.)
1935 - 1944 ...
29 Oct 1944 - 2 Sep 1953 Amir Ahmad Muhammad Amin Didi (s.a.)
2 Sep 1953 - 12 Dec 1957 Ibrahim Ali Didi (b. 1890? - d. 1975)
12 Dec 1957 - 11 Nov 1968 Ibrahim Nasir (s.a.)
Aug 1972 - 6 Mar 1975 Ahmed Zaki (b. 1931 - d. 1996)
¹Full title: Sultan of Land and Sea, Lord of the Thousand Islands and Sultan of the Maldive Islands.
3 Jan 1959 independence of Addu Atoll declared
13 Mar 1959 Fua Mulaku and Huvadu Atoll join Addu to form the United
Suvadiva Republic
Jul 1959 Huvadu retaken by Maldives government
30 Sep 1963 republic extinguished
President
Jan 1959 - 30 Sep 1963 Abdullah Afif Didi (b. 1916 - d. 1993)
6 Sep 1880 French territory of Upper Senegal (Haut-Sénégal) created
(subordinated to Senegal)
18 Aug 1890 renamed French Sudan
27 Aug 1892 separate colony
16 Jun 1895 part of French West Africa (see under Senegal)
17 Oct 1899 French Sudan broke up; part becomes territory of Upper
Senegal and Middle Niger (Haut-Sénégal et Moyen-Niger)
10 Oct 1902 becomes colony of Senegambia and Niger
18 Oct 1904 renamed Upper Senegal-Niger (Haut-Sénégal-Niger)
4 Dec 1920 renamed French Sudan
27 Oct 1946 French overseas territory
24 Nov 1958 autonomy (Sudanese Republic)
4 Apr 1959 Sudan and Senegal form Mali Federation
20 Jun 1960 independence of Mali Federation
20 Aug 1960 Senegal withdraws from Mali Federation
22 Sep 1960 Sudanese Republic becomes Republic of Mali
Commandants-superior
27 Feb 1880 - 29 Jul 1880 Charles Boilève (1st time) (b. 1837 - d. 1899)
6 Sep 1880 - 3 Sep 1883 Gustave Borgnis-Desbordes (b. 1839 - d. 1900)
3 Sep 1883 - 18 Jun 1884 Charles Boilève (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Jun 1884 - Sep 1885 Antoine Combes
(acting to 4 Sep 1884)
Sep 1885 - Aug 1886 Henri Frey
Aug 1886 - 10 Sep 1888 Joseph Gallieni (b. 1849 - d. 1916)
10 Sep 1888 - 1891 Louis Archinard (1st time) (b. 1850 - d. 1932)
1891 - 27 Aug 1892 Pierre Humbert
27 Aug 1892 - 2 Aug 1893 Louis Archinard (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Aug 1893 - 26 Dec 1893 François Bonnier (acting)
Governors
26 Dec 1893 - 16 Jun 1895 Albert Grodet (b. 1853 - d. 1933)
16 Jun 1895 - 17 Oct 1899 Edgard de Trentinian (b. 1851 - d. 1942)
1 Jan 1898 - 19 Nov 1898 René Audéoud (b. 1854 - d. 1909)
(acting for Trentinian)
Delegate
17 Oct 1899 - 20 Oct 1904 William Ponty (b. 1866 - d. 1915)
Lieutenant governors
20 Oct 1904 - 18 Feb 1908 William Ponty (s.a.)
18 Feb 1908 - 16 Jun 1915 François Joseph Clozel (b. 1860 - d. 1918)
16 Jun 1915 - 1 Jul 1915 Philippe Henry (acting)
1 Jul 1915 - 28 Jul 1916 Louis Digue (acting)
23 Sep 1916 - 20 Apr 1917 Raphaël Antonetti (acting) (b. 1872 - d. 1938)
20 Apr 1917 - 21 May 1917 Albert Nebout (acting) (b. 1862 - d. 1939)
21 May 1917 - 2 Feb 1918 Louis Periquet (acting)
2 Feb 1918 - 16 May 1919 Auguste Brunet (b. 1878 - d. 1957)
16 May 1919 - 21 Aug 1921 Marcel Olivier (b. 1879 - d. 1945)
Governors
21 Aug 1921 - 31 Dec 1930 Jean Henri Terrasson de Fougères (b. 1881 - d. 1931)
(acting to 26 Feb 1924)
31 Dec 1930 - 4 Apr 1931 Joseph Court (acting) (b. 1881 - d. 1948)
4 Apr 1931 - 11 Jun 1931 Gabriel Descemet (acting) (b. 1879 - d. 1961)
11 Jun 1931 - 19 Feb 1935 Louis Jacques Fousset (b. 1882 - d. 1949)
19 Feb 1935 - 22 Nov 1935 Félix Éboué (acting) (b. 1884 - d. 1944)
22 Nov 1935 - 9 Nov 1936 Matteo Alfassa (b. 1876 - d. 1942)
9 Nov 1936 - 28 Mar 1938 Ferdinand Jacques Louis Rougier
(acting to 4 Dec 1936)
28 Mar 1938 - 17 Apr 1942 Jean Desanti (b. 1899 - d. 1944)
(acting to 15 Nov 1940)
17 Apr 1942 - 15 May 1946 Auguste Calvel (b. 1892 - d. 1981)
(acting to 29 Dec 1942)
15 May 1946 - Apr 1952 Edmond Louveau (b. 1895 - d. 1973)
Apr 1952 - 10 Jul 1952 Camille Bailly (b. 1907 - d. 1984)
10 Jul 1952 - 23 Feb 1953 Jean Étcheber (acting) (b. 1901 - d. 1967)
23 Feb 1953 - 2 Dec 1953 Albert Mouragues (b. 1908 - d. 1976)
2 Dec 1953 - 3 Nov 1956 Lucien Eugène Geay (b. 1900 - d. 1976)
(acting to 10 Feb 1954)
High commissioners
3 Nov 1956 - 24 Nov 1958 Henri Victor Gipoulon (b. 1913 - d. 1989)
24 Nov 1958 - 20 Jun 1960 Jean Sicurani (b. 1915 - d. 1977)
Presidents
20 Jun 1960 - 19 Nov 1968 Modibo Keita (b. 1915 - d. 1977)
(Head of State to 1965)
19 Nov 1968 - 26 Mar 1991 Moussa Traoré (b. 1936 - d. 2020)
(chairman Military National Liberation Committee to 19 Sep
1969; Head of State 19 Sep 1969 - Jun 1979)
26 Mar 1991 - 8 Jun 1992 Amadou Toumani Touré (1st time) (b. 1948 - d. 2020)
(chairman National Reconciliation Council to 31 Mar 1991,
then chairman Transitional Committee for the Salvation
of the People)
8 Jun 1992 - 8 Jun 2002 Alpha Oumar Konaré (b. 1946)
8 Jun 2002 - 22 Mar 2012 Amadou Toumani Touré (2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Mar 2012 - 12 Apr 2012 Amadou Haya Sanogo (b. 1972?)
(chairman National Committee for the Restoration of
Democracy and State)
12 Apr 2012 - 4 Sep 2013 Dioncounda Traoré (interim) (b. 1942)
4 Sep 2013 - 18 Aug 2020 Ibrahim Boubacar Keita (b. 1945 - d. 2022)
18 Aug 2020 - 19 Aug 2020 National Committee for the
Salvation of the People (CNSP)
19 Aug 2020 - 25 Sep 2020 Assimi Goita (1st time) (b. 1983?)
(chairman CNSP; from 27 Aug 2020 Head of State)
25 Sep 2020 - 26 May 2021 Bah N'Daw (transitional) (b. 1950)
26 May 2021 - Assimi Goita (transitional) (s.a.)
Prime ministers
24 May 1957 - 5 Apr 1959 Jean-Marie Koné (b. 1913 - d. 1988)
(vice president of the Government Council to 26 Jul 1958,
president of the Government Council 26 Jul - 24 Nov 1958,
president of the provisional government from 24 Nov 1958)
5 Apr 1959 - 19 Nov 1968 Modibo Keita (s.a.)
(president of provisional government 22 Sep 1960 - 20 Jan 1961)
23 Nov 1968 - 19 Sep 1969 Yoro Diakité (b. 1932 - d. 1973)
6 Jun 1986 - 6 Jun 1988 Mamadou Dembélé (b. 1936 - d. 2016)
2 Apr 1991 - 9 Jun 1992 Soumana Sacko (interim) (b. 1950)
9 Jun 1992 - 12 Apr 1993 Younoussi Touré (b. 1941 - d. 2022)
12 Apr 1993 - 4 Feb 1994 Abdoulaye Sékou Sow (b. 1931 - d. 2013)
4 Feb 1994 - 15 Feb 2000 Ibrahim Boubacar Keita (s.a.)
15 Feb 2000 - 18 Mar 2002 Mandé Sidibé (b. 1940 - d. 2009)
18 Mar 2002 - 9 Jun 2002 Modibo Keita (1st time) (b. 1942 - d. 2021)
9 Jun 2002 - 30 Apr 2004 Ahmed Mohamed Ag Hamani (b. 1942)
30 Apr 2004 - 28 Sep 2007 Ousmane Issoufi Maïga (b. 1946)
28 Sep 2007 - 3 Apr 2011 Modibo Sidibé (b. 1952)
3 Apr 2011 - 22 Mar 2012 Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé (f) (b. 1948 - d. 2021)
17 Apr 2012 - 11 Dec 2012 Cheick Modibo Diarra (interim) (b. 1952)
11 Dec 2012 - 5 Sep 2013 Diango Cissoko (interim) (b. 1948 - d. 2022)
5 Sep 2013 - 9 Apr 2014 Oumar Tatam Ly (b. 1963)
9 Apr 2014 - 9 Jan 2015 Moussa Mara (b. 1975)
9 Jan 2015 - 10 Apr 2017 Modibo Keita (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Apr 2017 - 30 Dec 2017 Abdoulaye Idrissa Maïga (b. 1958)
30 Dec 2017 - 23 Apr 2019 Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga (b. 1954 - d. 2022)
23 Apr 2019 - 18 Aug 2020 Boubou Cissé (b. 1974)
28 Sep 2020 - 26 May 2021 Moctar Ouane (interim) (b. 1955)
7 Jun 2021 - Choguel Maïga (interim) (b. 1958)
21 Aug 2022 - 5 Dec 2022 Abdoulaye Maïga (b. 1981)
(acting for Choguel Maïga)
26 Oct 1530 ruled by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
12 Jun 1798 French rule
5 Sep 1800 British rule (from 30 May 1814 crown colony)
3 Mar 1962 State of Malta
21 Sep 1964 independence
13 Dec 1974 Republic of Malta
Commandant
12 Jun 1798 - 5 Sep 1800 Claude Henri Belgrand de Vaubois (b. 1748 - d. 1839)
Commissioners
Jun 1798 - 9 Nov 1799 Michel Louis Étienne Regnaud de
Saint-Jean d'Angély (b. 1760 - d. 1819)
Nov 1799 - Sep 1800 Pierre Jean Louis Ovide Doublet (b. 1754 - d. 1824)
Presidents of the Provisional Government (in rebellion)
1798 - Feb 1799 Emanuele Vitale (b. 1759 - d. 1802)
+ Francesco Saverio Caruana (b. 1759 - d. 1847)
Feb 1799 - Sep 1800 Alexander John Ball (b. 1756 - d. 1809)
British representatives
8 Sep 1800 - 19 Feb 1801 Alexander John Ball (s.a.)
19 Feb 1801 - Jul 1801 Henry Pigot (b. 1750 - d. 1840)
Civil commissioners
Jul 1801 - May 1803 Charles Cameron (b. 1766? - d. 1828)
May 1803 - 25 Oct 1809 Sir Alexander John Ball (s.a.)
25 Oct 1809 - 1813 Sir Hildebrand Oakes (b. 1754 - d. 1822)
(acting to 30 Apr 1810)
Governors
1813 - 17 Jan 1824 Sir Thomas Maitland (b. 1759 - d. 1824)
1824 - 1826 Francis Rawdon-Hastings,
Marquess of Hastings (b. 1754 - d. 1826)
2 Dec 1827 - May 1835 Sir Frederic Cavendish Ponsonby (b. 1783 - d. 1837)
1 Oct 1836 - 1843 Sir Henry Frederic Bouverie (b. 1783 - d. 1852)
1843 - 1847 Sir Patrick Stuart (b. 1787 - d. 1855)
Oct 1847 - 1851 Richard More O'Ferrall (b. 1797 - d. 1880)
27 Oct 1851 - 1858 Sir William Reid (b. 1791 - d. 1858)
Apr 1858 - 1864 Sir John Gaspard Le Marchant (b. 1803 - d. 1874)
15 Nov 1864 - 1867 Sir Henry Knight Storks (b. 1811 - d. 1874)
15 May 1867 - 1872 Sir Patrick Grant (b. 1804 - d. 1895)
3 Jun 1872 - 1878 Sir Charles Thomas Van Straubenzee (b. 1812 - d. 1892)
13 May 1878 - 1884 Sir Arthur Borton (b. 1814 - d. 1893)
Apr 1884 - 28 Sep 1888 Sir John Lintorn Arabin Simmons (b. 1821 - d. 1903)
28 Sep 1888 - 1 Dec 1889 Sir Henry D'Oyley Torrens (b. 1823 - d. 1889)
1890 - 1893 Sir Henry Augustus Smyth (b. 1825 - d. 1906)
13 Jan 1894 - 6 Jan 1899 Arthur James Lyon Fremantle (from
26 May 1894, Sir Arthur James Lyon
Fremantle) (b. 1835 - d. 1901)
6 Jan 1899 - 1903 Sir Francis Wallace Grenfell (from
18 Jul 1902, Francis Wallace
Grenfell, Baron Grenfell) (b. 1841 - d. 1925)
1903 - 1907 Sir Charles Mansfield Clarke (b. 1839 - d. 1932)
1907 - 1909 Henry Fane Grant (from 26 Jun
1908, Sir Henry Fane Grant) (b. 1848 - d. 1919)
1909 - 1915 Sir Leslie Rundle (b. 1856 - d. 1934)
Feb 1915 - May 1919 Paul Sanford Methuen, Baron
Methuen (b. 1845 - d. 1932)
Jun 1919 - May 1924 Sir Herbert Charles Onslow Plumer
(from 4 Oct 1919, Herbert Charles
Onslow Plumer, Baron Plumer) (b. 1857 - d. 1932)
1924 - 28 Feb 1927 Sir Walter Norris Congreve (b. 1862 - d. 1927)
1927 - 1931 Sir John Du Cane (b. 1865 - d. 1947)
Oct 1931 - Feb 1936 Sir David Campbell (b. 1869 - d. 1936)
1936 - 1940 Sir Charles Bonham-Carter (b. 1876 - d. 1955)
Apr 1940 - 1942 William Dobbie (from 14 Mar 1941,
Sir William Dobbie) (b. 1879 - d. 1964)
1942 - 26 Sep 1944 John Vereker, Viscount Gort (b. 1886 - d. 1946)
26 Sep 1944 - 10 Jul 1946 Sir Edmond Charles Acton Schreiber (b. 1890 - d. 1972)
10 Jul 1946 - 16 Sep 1949 Francis Campbell Ross Douglas
(from 21 Oct 1947, Sir Francis
Campbell Ross Douglas) (b. 1889 - d. 1980)
16 Sep 1949 - 20 Sep 1954 Sir Gerald Hallen Creasy (b. 1897 - d. 1983)
20 Sep 1954 - 8 Jun 1959 Sir Robert Laycock (b. 1907 - d. 1968)
8 Jun 1959 - 27 Jun 1962 Sir Guy Grantham (b. 1900 - d. 1992)
27 Jun 1962 - 2 Jul 1962 Sir Anthony Mamo (acting) (b. 1909 - d. 2008)
2 Jul 1962 - 21 Sep 1964 Sir Maurice Henry Dorman (b. 1912 - d. 1993)
Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
21 Sep 1964 - 21 Jun 1971 Sir Maurice Henry Dorman (s.a.)
21 Jun 1971 - 13 Dec 1974 Sir Anthony Mamo (s.a.)
(acting to 5 Jul 1971)
Presidents
13 Dec 1974 - 25 Dec 1976 Sir Anthony Mamo (s.a.)
25 Dec 1976 - 27 Dec 1976 John J. Cremona (acting) (b. 1918 - d. 2020)
27 Dec 1976 - 27 Dec 1981 Anton Buttigieg (b. 1912 - d. 1983)
27 Dec 1981 - 15 Feb 1982 Albert V. Hyzler (acting) (b. 1916 - d. 1993)
15 Feb 1982 - 15 Feb 1987 Agatha Barbara (f) (b. 1923 - d. 2002)
15 Feb 1987 - 4 Apr 1989 Paul Xuereb (acting) (b. 1923 - d. 1994)
4 Apr 1989 - 4 Apr 1994 Censu Tabone (b. 1913 - d. 2012)
4 Apr 1994 - 4 Apr 1999 Ugo Mifsud Bonnici (b. 1932)
4 Apr 1999 - 4 Apr 2004 Guido de Marco (b. 1931 - d. 2010)
4 Apr 2004 - 4 Apr 2009 Eddie Fenech Adami (b. 1934)
4 Apr 2009 - 4 Apr 2014 George Abela (b. 1948)
4 Apr 2014 - 4 Apr 2019 Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca (f) (b. 1958)
4 Apr 2019 - 4 Apr 2024 George Vella (b. 1942)
4 Apr 2024 - Myriam Spiteri Debono (f) (b. 1952)
Prime ministers
26 Oct 1921 - 13 Oct 1923 Joseph Howard (b. 1862 - d. 1925)
13 Oct 1923 - 22 Sep 1924 Francesco Buhagiar (b. 1876 - d. 1934)
Sep 1924 - 15 Aug 1927 Ugo Pasquale Mifsud (1st time) (b. 1889 - d. 1942)
15 Aug 1927 - 21 Jun 1932 Gerald Strickland, Count Della
Catena, (from 19 Jan 1928) Baron
Strickland (b. 1861 - d. 1940)
21 Jun 1932 - 2 Nov 1933 Sir Ugo Pasquale Mifsud (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Nov 1947 - 26 Sep 1950 Paul Boffa (b. 1890 - d. 1962)
26 Sep 1950 - 20 Dec 1950 Enrico Mizzi (b. 1885 - d. 1950)
20 Dec 1950 - 11 Mar 1955 Giorgio Borg Olivier (1st time) (b. 1911 - d. 1980)
11 Mar 1955 - 26 Apr 1958 Dom Mintoff (1st time) (b. 1916 - d. 2012)
3 Mar 1962 - 21 Jun 1971 Giorgio Borg Olivier (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Jun 1971 - 22 Dec 1984 Dom Mintoff (2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1984 - 12 May 1987 Carmelo Mifsud Bonnici (b. 1933 - d. 2022)
12 May 1987 - 28 Oct 1996 Eddie Fenech Adami (1st time) (s.a.)
28 Oct 1996 - 6 Sep 1998 Alfred Sant (b. 1948)
6 Sep 1998 - 23 Mar 2004 Eddie Fenech Adami (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Mar 2004 - 11 Mar 2013 Lawrence Gonzi (b. 1953)
11 Mar 2013 - 13 Jan 2020 Joseph Muscat (b. 1974)
13 Jan 2020 - Robert Abela (b. 1977)
1530 Sovereign and Military Order of the Knights of Malta
1834 Knights Hospitaller of St. John of Jerusalem
24 Jun 1961 Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of
Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta
Grand masters
5 Feb 1697 - 10 Jan 1720 Ramon Perellós i de Rocafull (b. 1637 - d. 1720)
14 Jan 1720 - 16 Jun 1722 Marc'Antonio Chigi Zondadari dei
marchesi di San Quirico (b. 1658 - d. 1722)
19 Jun 1722 - 12 Dec 1736 António Manuel de Vilhena (b. 1663 - d. 1736)
16 Dec 1736 - 15 Jan 1741 Ramon Despuig y Martínez de
Marcilla de los condes de
Montealegre (b. 1670 - d. 1741)
18 Jan 1741 - 24 Jan 1773 Manuel Pinto da Fonseca (b. 1681 - d. 1773)
28 Jan 1773 - 9 Nov 1775 Francisco Ximénez de Tejada de
los señores de Sobrarbe y condes
de Aragón (b. 1703 - d. 1775)
12 Nov 1775 - 13 Jul 1797 François-Marie-des-Neiges-Emmanuel
de Rohan, comte du Polduc,
seigneur de Henleix (b. 1725 - d. 1797)
17 Jul 1797 - 26 Aug 1798 Ferdinand Joseph Freiherr von
Hompesch zu Bollheim (b. 1744 - d. 1805)
(abandons Malta 22 Jun 1798, abdicates 6 Jul 1799)
10 Sep 1798-23/24Mar 1801 Pavel Petrovich
(= Emperor Pavel I of Russia) (b. 1754 - d. 1801)
(to 7 Nov 1798 Protector of the Order
and acting Grand Master)
27 Mar 1801 - 9 Feb 1803 Graf Nikolay Saltykov (acting) (b. 1736 - d. 1816)
1802 - 9 Feb 1803 Giuseppe Caracciolo dei marchesi
di Sant'Eramo (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1839)
(acting, in opposition)
9 Feb 1803 - 13 Jun 1805 Giovanni Battista Tommasi
de Cortona (b. 1731 - d. 1805)
29 Nov 1805 - 25 Apr 1814 Innico Maria Guevara Suardo (b. 1744 - d. 1814)
(acting)
17 Jun 1805 - 10 Feb 1809 Giuseppe Caracciolo dei marchesi
di Sant'Eramo (2nd time) (s.a.)
(in opposition)
26 Apr 1814 - 10 Jun 1821 Andrea Di Giovanni e Centelles (b. 1742 - d. 1821)
(acting)
11 Jun 1821 - 19 May 1834 Antonio Busca (acting) (b. 1767 - d. 1834)
23 May 1834 - 12 Jul 1845 Carlo Candida (acting) (b. 1762 - d. 1845)
15 Sep 1845 - 9 Oct 1864 Philipp Graf von Colloredo-Mels
und -Waldsee (acting) (b. 1779 - d. 1864)
26 Feb 1865 - 13 Jan 1872 Alessandro Borgia (acting) (b. 1783 - d. 1872)
14 Feb 1872 - 24 Jan 1905 Giovanni Battista Ceschi
a Santa Croce (b. 1827 - d. 1905)
(acting to 28 Mar 1879)
6 Mar 1905 - 26 Mar 1931 Galeazzo Graf von Thun und
Hohenstein (b. 1850 - d. 1931)
26 Mar 1931 - 30 May 1931 Pio Franchi de' Cavalieri (acting) (b. 1869 - d. 1960)
30 May 1931 - 14 Nov 1951 Ludovico Chigi Della Rovere Albani,
principe di Farnese, di Campagnano
e di Soriano (b. 1866 - d. 1951)
14 Nov 1951 - 25 Apr 1955 Conte Palatino Antonio Hercolani
Fava Simonetti (acting) (b. 1883 - d. 1962)
25 Apr 1955 - 11 May 1962 Ernesto Paternò Castello (acting) (b. 1882 - d. 1971)
11 May 1962 - 17 Jan 1988 Angelo di Mojana dei signori
di Cologna (b. 1905 - d. 1988)
17 Jan 1988 - 11 Apr 1988 Giancarlo Pallavicini (acting) (b. 1911 - d. 1999)
11 Apr 1988 - 7 Feb 2008 Andrew Willoughby Ninian Bertie (b. 1929 - d. 2008)
7 Feb 2008 - 11 Mar 2008 Giacomo Dalla Torre del Tempio di
Sanguinetto (1st time) (acting) (b. 1944 - d. 2020)
11 Mar 2008 - 28 Jan 2017 Matthew Festing (b. 1949 - d. 2021)
28 Jan 2017 - 30 Apr 2017 Ludwig Hoffmann von Rumerstein (b. 1937 - d. 2022)
(acting)
30 Apr 2017 - 29 Apr 2020 Giacomo Dalla Torre del Tempio di
Sanguinetto (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting to 3 May 2018)
29 Apr 2020 - 8 Nov 2020 Ruy Gonçalo do Valle Peixoto de
Villas Boas (1st time) (acting) (b. 1939)
8 Nov 2020 - 7 Jun 2022 Marco Luzzago (acting) (b. 1950 - d. 2022)
7 Jun 2022 - 14 Jun 2022 Ruy Gonçalo do Valle Peixoto de
Villas Boas (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
14 Jun 2022 - John T. Dunlap (b. 1957)
(acting to 3 May 2023)
22 Oct 1885 German rule
13 Sep 1886 protectorate declared
1 Apr 1906 part of German New Guinea (see under Papua New Guinea)
3 Oct 1914 Japanese occupation
17 Dec 1920 League of Nations mandate
(see under Micronesia, Federated States of)
1944 U.S. occupation
18 Jul 1947 part of the UN Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
(see under Micronesia, Federated States of)
1 May 1979 autonomy (Marshall Islands)
12 Mar 1982 Republic of the Marshall Islands
21 Oct 1986 Compact of Free Association with the U.S. effective
10 Jul 1987 trust territory effectively dissolved
22 Dec 1990 final independence (Security Council ratifies termination
of trusteeship)
Commissioners
1885 - 1886 Gustav von Oertzen (b. 1836 - d. 1911)
1886 - 5 Oct 1887 Wilhelm Knappe (b. 1855 - d. 1910)
14 Apr 1888 - 29 Mar 1889 Franz Leopold Sonnenschein (b. 1857 - d. 1897)
14 Apr 1890 - Feb 1892 Friedrich Louis Max Biermann (b. 1856 - d. 1929)
1893 - 1894 Ernst Schmidt-Dargitz (b. 1859 - d. 1924)
Landeshauptleute
11 May 1894 - Mar 1898 Georg Irmer (b. 1853 - d. 1931)
24 Mar 1898 - 18 Jan 1906 Eugen Brandeis (b. 1846 - d. 1919)
(acting to 22 Feb 1900)
Presidents
1 May 1979 - 20 Dec 1996 Amata Kabua (b. 1928 - d. 1996)
20 Dec 1996 - 14 Jan 1997 Kunio Lemari (acting) (b. 1942 - d. 2008)
14 Jan 1997 - 10 Jan 2000 Imata Kabua (b. 1943 - d. 2019)
10 Jan 2000 - 14 Jan 2008 Kessai H. Note (b. 1950)
14 Jan 2008 - 21 Oct 2009 Litokwa Tomeing (b. 1939 - d. 2020)
21 Oct 2009 - 2 Nov 2009 Ruben Zackhras (acting) (b. 1947)
2 Nov 2009 - 10 Jan 2012 Jurelang Zedkaia (b. 1950 - d. 2015)
10 Jan 2012 - 11 Jan 2016 Christopher Loeak (b. 1952)
11 Jan 2016 - 28 Jan 2016 Casten Nemra (b. 1971)
28 Jan 2016 - 13 Jan 2020 Hilda C. Heine (f) (1st time) (b. 1951)
13 Jan 2020 - 3 Jan 2024 David Kabua (b. 1951)
3 Jan 2024 - Hilda C. Heine (f) (2nd time) (s.a.)
15 Sep 1635 French colony
1 Mar 1762 - 1763 British occupation
22 May 1794 - 1802 British occupation
1809 - 1814 British occupation
19 Mar 1946 French overseas département
18 Dec 2015 French collectivité territoriale (combining departmental
and regional authority)
Governors (26 May 1802 - 10 Sep 1817, captains-general)
1689 - 1711 Nicolas de Gabaret (b. 16... - d. 1712)
1711 - 1716 Jean-Pierre de Charritte (b. 1658 - d. 1723)
1716 ..., marquis du Quesne
7 Jan 1717 - 23 May 1717 Antoine d'Arcy de la Varenne (b. 16... - d. 1732)
1717 - 1721 De Hurault
1721 - 1728 Jean-Charles de Bochart, sieur
de Champigny (b. ... - d. 1754)
1728 - 1737 François Louis de Brach (b. 1668 - d. 1737)
1737 - 1742 ...
1742 - 1744 André Martin, sieur de Pointesable (b. ... - d. 1750)
1744 - 12 May 1750 Charles de Thubières, marquis de
Caylus (b. 1698 - d. 1750?)
1750 - 1752 ...
1752 Maximin, marquis de Bompar (b. 1698 - d. 1773)
1752 - 1757 Rouillé de Rocourt
1757 - 7 Feb 1761 François, marquis de La Ferté
Beauharnais (b. 1714 - d. 1800)
1761 - 1 Mar 1762 Louis Le Vassor de La Touche
de Tréville (b. 1710 - d. 1781)
1762 - 1763 William Rufane
Jul 1763 - Apr 1764 François Louis de Salignac,
marquis de Fénelon (b. 1722 - d. 1764)
25 Jan 1765 - 1772 Victor Thérèse Charpentier,
comte d'Ennery (b. 1731 - d. 1776)
9 Mar 1772 - 15 Mar 1776 Vital Auguste, marquis de
Grégoire, comte de Nozières (b. 1715 - d. ...)
15 Mar 1776 - May 1777 Robert d'Argout (b. 1724 - d. 1780)
May 1777 - Mar 1783 François Claude Amour du Chariol,
marquis de Bouillé (b. 1739 - d. 1800)
Mar 1783 - Mar 1791 Claude Charles de Marillac,
vicomte de Damas (b. 1731 - d. ...)
Jul 1789 - Apr 1790 Charles Joseph Hyacinthe du
Houx (acting for Damas) (b. 1734 - d. 1827)
12 Mar 1791 - 3 Jul 1792 Jean Pierre Antoine, comte de
Béhague (b. 1727 - d. 1813)
Jan 1793 - 22 May 1794 Donatien Marie Joseph de Vimeur,
vicomte de Rochambeau (b. 1755 - d. 1813)
1794 Robert Prescott (b. 1725 - d. 1816)
1794 - 1795 John Vaughan (b. 1731 - d. 1795)
1795 - 1796 Sir Robert Shore Milnes (b. 1746 - d. 1837)
1796 - 1802 William Keppel (b. 17... - d. 1834)
1802 - 1809 Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse (b. 1747 - d. 1812)
24 Feb 1809 - 1809 George Beckwith (b. 1753 - d. 1823)
10 Jun 1809 - 1812 John Broderick (b. 1765 - d. 1842)
1812 - 1814 Charles Wale (b. 1763 - d. 1845)
1814 Lindsay
1814 - 1818 Pierre René Marie, comte de
Vaugiraud de Rosnay (b. 1741 - d. 1819)
1818 - 1826 François Xavier, comte de Donzelot (b. 1764 - d. 1843)
1826 - 1829 François Marie Michel de Bouillé (b. 1779 - d. 1853)
1829 - 1830 Louis Henri de Saulces de
Freycinet (b. 1777 - d. 1840)
1830 - 1834 Jean Henri Joseph Dupôtet (b. 1777 - d. 1852)
1834 - 1836 Emmanuel Halgan (b. 1771 - d. 1852)
1836 - Jan 1838 Ange René Armand, baron de Mackau (b. 1788 - d. 1855)
Jan 1838 - Jul 1838 Claude Rostoland (1st time) (b. 1790 - d. 1848)
(acting)
1838 - 1840 Alphonse Louis Théodore de Mogès (b. 1796 - d. 1850)
1840 - 1844 Étienne Henri Mengin du Valdailly (b. 1778 - d. 1865)
1844 - Mar 1848 Pierre Louis Aimé Mathieu
Mar 1848 - 3 Jun 1848 Claude Rostoland (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
3 Jun 1848 - Nov 1848 François Auguste Perrinon (b. 1812 - d. 1861)
1848 - 1851 Armand Joseph Bruat (b. 1796 - d. 1855)
11 Apr 1851 - 1853 Auguste Napoléon Vaillant
1853 Jacques Brunot (acting)
15 Jun 1853 - Sep 1856 Louis Henri de Gueydon (b. 1809 - d. 1886)
1856 Louis André Lagrange (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1861)
(acting)
1856 - 1859 Armand Louis Joseph Denis, comte
Fitte de Soucy
1859 Louis André Lagrange (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
1859 - 1864 Antoine Marie Ferdinand de
Maussion de Candé (b. 1801 - d. 1867)
1864 - 1867 François Théodore de Lapelin (b. 1812 - d. 1888)
1867 André César Vérand (acting) (b. 1805 - d. 1870)
1867 - 1869 Charles Pierre Bertier (b. 1821 - d. 1882)
1869 - 1870 Marie Gabriel Couturier (acting)
1870 - 1871 Charles Menche de Loisne
1871 Octave Bernard Gilbert-Pierre (b. 1817 - d. 1882)
(acting)
1871 - 1874 Georges Charles Cloué (b. 1817 - d. 1889)
1874 François Charles Michaux (acting)
1875 - 1877 Thomas Louis Kirkland Le Normant
de Kergrist (b. 1813 - d. 1895)
1877 - 1879 Marie Bruno Ferdinand Grasset (b. 1817 - d. ...)
1879 Charles Alexandre Lacouture (b. 1829 - d. 1917)
(acting)
1879 - 1881 Théophile Aube (b. 1826 - d. 1890)
1881 Moreau (acting)
1881 - 1887 Vincent Gaëtan Allègre (b. 1835 - d. 1899)
1887 Coridon (acting)
1887 - 1889 Albert Grodet (b. 1853 - d. 1933)
1889 - 1890 Germain Casse (b. 1837 - d. 1900)
1890 - 1895 Delphino Moracchini (b. 1846 - d. 1903)
1895 - 1898 Noël Pardon (b. 1854 - d. 1910)
1898 - 1901 Marie Louis Gustave Gabrié (b. 1852 - d. 19...)
16 Jul 1901 - 8 May 1902 Louis Mouttet (b. 1857 - d. 1902)
May 1902 - 1902 Georges Lhuerre (acting)
1902 - 1904 Jean-Baptiste Philémon Lemaire (b. 1856 - d. 1932)
1904 - 1906 Louis Alphonse Bonhoure (b. 1864 - d. 1909)
10 Mar 1906 - 1908 Charles Lepreux (b. 1856 - d. 1930)
1908 - 1913 Fernand Foureau (b. 1850 - d. 1914)
1913 - 1914 Joseph Henri Alfred Vacher (b. 1862 - d. 19...)
1914 - 1915 Georges Poulet (b. 1859 - d. 19...)
1915 - 1920 Camille Guy (b. 1860 - d. 1929)
1920 - 1921 Maurice Gourbeil
1921 - 1923 Fernand Levecque (b. 1852 - d. 1947)
1923 - 1926 Henri Marius Richard
1926 - 1928 Robert de Guise (b. 1872 - d. 1940)
14 Feb 1928 - 23 Jul 1933 Louis Gerbinis (b. 1871 - d. 1954)
1933 - 1934 Félix Éboué (acting) (b. 1884 - d. 1944)
1934 René Veber
1934 - 1935 Matteo Alfassa (b. 1876 - d. 1942)
1935 - 1936 Louis Jacques Fousset (b. 1882 - d. 1949)
1936 Marie Marc Georges Pelicier
22 Oct 1936 - 7 Jan 1938 Jean-Baptiste Alberti (b. 1881 - d. 1938)
1938 André Allys (acting) (b. 1888 - d. 1968)
5 Apr 1938 - 1939 Maurice Xavier Joseph Decharte (b. 1882 - d. 1939)
1939 - 1940 Georges Spitz (b. 1881 - d. 1959)
1940 - Mar 1941 Louis Bressolles
Mar 1941 - 1943 Yves Nicol (b. 1887 - d. 1954)
14 Jul 1943 - 31 Jul 1944 Louis Ponton (b. 1906 - d. 1944)
(acting to 17 Sep 1943)
1944 - Jan 1945 Antoine Marie Angelini
14 Jan 1945 - 1946 Georges Parisot (b. 1887 - d. 1969)
1946 - 1947 Georges Orselli (b. 1896 - d. 1971)
Prefects (10 May 1982 - 24 Feb 1988, commissioners of the republic)
16 Aug 1947 - 27 Jul 1950 Pierre Trouillé (b. 1907 - d. 1986)
25 Aug 1950 - 1 Nov 1954 Christian Laigret (b. 1903 - d. 1977)
1 Nov 1954 - 16 Jun 1957 Gaston Villéger (b. 1904 - d. 1986)
1 Aug 1957 - 1 Jan 1960 Jacques Boissier (b. 1910 - d. 1967)
1 Jan 1960 - 25 Apr 1961 Jean Parsi (b. 1905 - d. 1994)
25 Apr 1961 - 8 Nov 1963 Michel Grollemund (b. 1914 - d. 2001)
21 Nov 1963 - 16 Sep 1966 Raphaël Petit (b. 1916 - d. 2010)
16 Sep 1966 - 1 Aug 1967 Pierre Lambertin (b. 1921 - d. 2010)
7 Aug 1967 - 20 Jun 1969 Jean Deliau (b. 1913 - d. 1996)
1 Sep 1969 - 15 Jun 1970 Pierre Béziau (b. 1920 - d. 1996)
1 Jul 1970 - 1 Jul 1973 Jean Terrade (b. 1920 - d. 1996)
1 Jul 1973 - 15 Nov 1975 Christian Orsetti (b. 1923 - d. 2022)
15 Nov 1975 - 20 May 1978 Paul Noirot-Cosson (b. 1924 - d. 1997)
20 May 1978 - 3 May 1979 Raymond Heim (b. 1920 - d. 2010)
3 May 1979 - 27 Jul 1981 Marcel Julia (b. 1930 - d. 2023)
27 Jul 1981 - 6 Mar 1985 Jean Chevance (b. 1929)
6 Mar 1985 - 4 Nov 1987 Édouard Lacroix (b. 1936 - d. 2012)
4 Nov 1987 - 12 Apr 1989 Jean Jouandet (b. 1938 - d. 2016)
12 Apr 1989 - 4 Sep 1991 Jean-Claude Roure (b. 1938)
4 Sep 1991 - 6 Jan 1995 Michel Morin (b. 1945)
6 Jan 1995 - 24 Aug 1998 Jean-François Cordet (b. 1951 - d. 2024)
31 Aug 1998 - 21 Jun 2000 Dominique Bellion (b. 1948)
24 Jul 2000 - 9 Feb 2004 Michel Cadot (b. 1954)
9 Feb 2004 - 20 Jun 2007 Yves Dassonville (b. 1948 - d. 2021)
20 Jun 2007 - 2 Aug 2007 Patrice Latron (acting) (b. 1961)
2 Aug 2007 - Mar 2011 Ange Mancini (b. 1944)
30 Mar 2011 - Aug 2014 Laurent Prévost (b. 1967)
27 Aug 2014 - Jul 2017 Fabrice Rigoulet-Roze (b. 1968)
19 Jul 2017 - Jan 2020 Franck Robine (b. 1967)
Jan 2020 - 27 Feb 2020 Antoine Poussier (acting) (b. 1974)
27 Feb 2020 - Aug 2022 Stanislas Cazelles (b. 1977)
23 Aug 2022 - Jean-Christophe Bouvier (b. 1966)
Presidents of the General Council (holding executive power from 2 Mar 1982)
1970 - Apr 1992 Émile Maurice (b. 1910 - d. 1993)
Apr 1992 - 31 Mar 2011 Claude Lise (b. 1941)
31 Mar 2011 - 18 Dec 2015 Josette Manin (f) (b. 1950)
Presidents of the Executive Council
18 Dec 2015 - 2 Jul 2021 Alfred Marie-Jeanne (b. 1936)
2 Jul 2021 - Serge Letchimy (b. 1953)
14 Sep 1939 - Sep 1943 French possessions in the Americas (French Guiana,
Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Saint-Pierre and Miquelon)
grouped together
High commissioners in the Antilles
14 Sep 1939 - 14 Jul 1943 Georges Robert (b. 1875 - d. 1965)
14 Jul 1943 - Sep 1943 Henri Hoppenot (b. 1891 - d. 1977)
Oct 1904 French territory (part of French West Africa; see under
Senegal)
12 Jan 1920 French colony
27 Oct 1946 French overseas territory
28 Nov 1958 autonomy (Islamic Republic of Mauritania)
28 Nov 1960 independence
Commissioners (from 11 Dec 1920, lieutenant governors)
Nov 1904 - 12 May 1905 Xavier Coppolani (b. 1866 - d. 1905)
12 May 1905 - 27 May 1905 Louis Frèrejean (acting) (b. 1862 - d. 19...)
27 May 1905 - Nov 1907 Bernard Laurent Montané-Capdebosq (b. 1862 - d. 19...)
Nov 1907 - 1909 Henri Gouraud (b. 1867 - d. 1946)
1909 Claudel (acting)
1909 Aubert (acting)
1 Jan 1910 - 1 Mar 1912 Henri Hippolyte Patey (b. 1867 - d. 1957)
1 Mar 1912 - 25 May 1914 Charles Mouret (b. 1871 - d. 1914)
May 1914 - 20 Nov 1916 Louis Jules Albert Obissier (b. 1868 - d. 19...)
20 Nov 1916 - 9 Nov 1926 Henri Gaden (b. 1867 - d. 1939)
9 Nov 1926 - 13 Jan 1928 Albéric Fournier
13 Jan 1928 - 21 Nov 1929 Alphonse Choteau (b. 1883 - d. 1936)
21 Nov 1929 - 19 Jun 1931 René Héctor Émile Chazal
19 Jun 1931 - 22 Jun 1933 Gabriel Descemet (1st time) (b. 1879 - d. 1961)
(acting)
22 Jun 1933 - 7 Apr 1934 Louis François Antonin (acting)
7 Apr 1934 - 5 Jul 1934 Gabriel Descemet (2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Jul 1934 - Aug 1934 Adolphe Deitte (b. 1879 - d. 1949)
Aug 1934 - 1 Nov 1934 Victor Chazelas (1st time) (b. 1885 - d. 1953)
(acting)
1 Nov 1934 - 15 Apr 1935 Richard Brunot (b. 1883 - d. 1958)
15 Apr 1935 - 10 Nov 1935 Victor Chazelas (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
10 Nov 1935 - 1 Sep 1936 Marcel de Coppet (b. 1881 - d. 1968)
1 Sep 1936 - 24 Oct 1936 Jean Louis Beyriès (1st time) (b. 1887 - d. 1974)
(acting)
24 Oct 1936 - 7 Aug 1938 Oswald Durand (b. 1888 - d. 1982)
7 Aug 1938 - Nov 1938 Charles André Dumas (acting)
Nov 1938 - 4 May 1944 Jean Louis Beyriès (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting to 28 Aug 1941)
Apr 1942 - May 1944 Jean Chalvet (b. 1893 - d. 1975)
(acting for Beyriès)
4 May 1944 - 31 Jul 1945 Christian Laigret (b. 1903 - d. 1977)
31 Jul 1945 - 30 Apr 1946 René Babin (acting)
30 Apr 1946 - 19 Jul 1947 Georges Poirier (acting)
19 Jul 1947 - 31 Dec 1947 Lucien Eugène Geay (acting) (b. 1900 - d. 1976)
31 Dec 1947 - 7 Aug 1949 Henry de Mauduit (b. 1897 - d. 1975)
7 Aug 1949 - 27 Sep 1950 Édouard Louis Terrac (acting) (b. 1900 - d. 1956)
27 Sep 1950 - 25 Apr 1952 Jacques Rogué (b. 1898 - d. 1980)
25 Apr 1952 - 6 Apr 1954 Pierre Messmer (b. 1916 - d. 2007)
(acting to 23 Feb 1953)
6 Apr 1954 - 23 Jun 1955 Albert Mouragues (1st time) (b. 1908 - d. 1976)
23 Jun 1955 - 14 May 1956 Jean Paul Parisot
14 May 1956 - 5 Oct 1958 Albert Mouragues (2nd time) (s.a.)
High commissioners
5 Oct 1958 - Feb 1959 Henri Bernard (b. 1920 - d. 2000)
Feb 1959 - 28 Nov 1960 Pierre Anthonioz (b. 1913 - d. 1996)
President
28 Nov 1960 - 10 Jul 1978 Moktar Ould Daddah (b. 1924 - d. 2003)
(acting head of state to 20 Aug 1961)
Chairmen of the Military Committee for National Recovery (from 6 Apr 1979, Military
Committee for National Salvation) (from 20 Mar 1979 also styled Heads of State)
10 Jul 1978 - 3 Jun 1979 Mustafa Ould Salek (b. 1936 - d. 2012)
3 Jun 1979 - 4 Jan 1980 Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Louly (b. 1943 - d. 2019)
4 Jan 1980 - 12 Dec 1984 Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla (b. 1940)
12 Dec 1984 - 18 Apr 1992 Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya (b. 1941)
President
18 Apr 1992 - 3 Aug 2005 Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya (s.a.)
Chairman of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy
3 Aug 2005 - 19 Apr 2007 Ely Ould Mohamed Vall (b. 1953 - d. 2017)
President
19 Apr 2007 - 6 Aug 2008 Sidi Mohamed Ould Cheikh Abdallahi (b. 1938 - d. 2020)
Chairman of the High Council of State
6 Aug 2008 - 15 Apr 2009 Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (b. 1956)
Presidents
15 Apr 2009 - 5 Aug 2009 Ba Mamadou dit M'Baré (interim) (b. 1946 - d. 2013)
5 Aug 2009 - 1 Aug 2019 Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (s.a.)
1 Aug 2019 - Mohamed Ould Cheikh El Ghazouani (b. 1956)
Prime ministers
21 May 1957 - 20 Aug 1961 Moktar Ould Daddah (s.a.)
(vice president of the Government Council to 26 Jul 1958,
president of the Government Council 26 Jul - 28 Nov 1958,
president of the provisional government 28 Nov 1958 -
26 Jun 1959)
6 Apr 1979 - 27 May 1979 Ahmed Ould Bouceif (b. 1934 - d. 1979)
28 May 1979 - 31 May 1979 Ahmed Salem Ould Sidi (acting) (b. 1939 - d. 1981)
31 May 1979 - 12 Dec 1980 Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla
(1st time) (s.a.)
12 Dec 1980 - 25 Apr 1981 Sid'Ahmed Ould Bneijara (b. 1947 - d. 2017)
25 Apr 1981 - 8 Mar 1984 Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya
(1st time) (s.a.)
8 Mar 1984 - 12 Dec 1984 Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla
(2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Dec 1984 - 18 Apr 1992 Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya
(2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Apr 1992 - 2 Jan 1996 Sidi Mohamed Ould Boubacar
(1st time) (b. 1957)
2 Jan 1996 - 18 Dec 1997 Cheikh El Avia Ould Mohamed Khouna
(1st time) (b. 1956)
18 Dec 1997 - 16 Nov 1998 Mohamed Lemine Ould Guig (b. 1959)
16 Nov 1998 - 6 Jul 2003 Cheikh El Avia Ould Mohamed Khouna
(2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Jul 2003 - 7 Aug 2005 Sghair Ould M'Bareck (b. 1954)
7 Aug 2005 - 20 Apr 2007 Sidi Mohamed Ould Boubacar
(2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Apr 2007 - 6 May 2008 Zeine Ould Zeidane (b. 1966)
6 May 2008 - 6 Aug 2008 Yahya Ould Ahmed El Waghef (b. 1960)
14 Aug 2008 - 20 Aug 2014 Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf (b. 1957)
20 Aug 2014 - 29 Oct 2018 Yahya Ould Hademine (b. 1953)
29 Oct 2018 - 5 Aug 2019 Mohamed Salem Ould Béchir (b. 1962)
5 Aug 2019 - 6 Aug 2020 Ismail Ould Bedda Ould Cheikh
Sidiya (b. 1961)
6 Aug 2020 - Mohamed Ould Bilal (b. 1963)
1638 Dutch colony
17 Feb 1710 abandoned
23 Sep 1721 French colony (Île de France)
3 Dec 1810 British colony (Mauritius)
(confirmed by Treaty of Paris 1814)
12 Mar 1968 independence
12 Mar 1992 Republic of Mauritius
Governors
22 Oct 1692 - 25 Nov 1703 Roelof Diodati
25 Nov 1703 - 17 Feb 1710 Adriaan Momber van der Velde
Governors (of the Compagnie des Indes)
24 Dec 1721 - 7 Apr 1722 Julien Duronguet le Toullec
(acting)
7 Apr 1722 - 16 Dec 1725 Denis, chevalier de Nyon
4 May 1722 - 13 Jun 1722 Duval de Hauville
(acting for Nyon)
13 Jul 1722 - 3 Dec 1722 Jacques Gast d'Hauterive (b. 1680 - d. 1762)
(acting for Nyon)
16 Dec 1725 - 13 Mar 1729 Denis de Brousse (acting)
13 Mar 1729 - 20 Aug 1729 Pierre Benoît Dumas (b. 1668 - d. 1745)
20 Aug 1729 - 4 Jun 1735 Nicolas de Maupin
Governors-general of the Mascarene Islands (of the Compagnie des Indes to 14 Jul 1767)
4 Jun 1735 - 23 Mar 1746 Bertrand François Mahé,
comte de La Bourdonnais (b. 1699 - d. 1753)
20 Mar 1740 - 14 Aug 1741 Didier de Saint-Martin
(1st time)
(acting for La Bourdonnais)
1741 - 18 Dec 1742 Didier de Saint-Martin
(2nd time)
(acting for La Bourdonnais)
23 Mar 1746 - 6 Oct 1746 Didier de Saint-Martin (3rd time)
(acting)
6 Oct 1746 - 10 Feb 1753 Pierre Félix Barthélemy David (b. 1711 - d. 1795)
10 Feb 1753 - 3 Dec 1755 Jean Baptiste Charles Bouvet de
Lozier (b. 1705 - d. 1786)
3 Dec 1755 - 4 Nov 1759 René Magon de la Villebague (b. 1722 - d. 1778)
4 Nov 1759 - 14 Jul 1767 Antoine Marie Desforges-Boucher (b. 1713 - d. 1790)
14 Jul 1767 - 27 Nov 1768 Jean Daniel Dumas (b. 1721 - d. 1794)
27 Nov 1768 - 6 Jun 1769 Jean-Guillaume Steinauer (acting)
6 Jun 1769 - 23 Aug 1772 François Julien du Dresnay,
chevalier Desroches (b. 1719 - d. 1784)
23 Aug 1772 - 2 Dec 1776 Charles Louis d'Arsac, chevalier
de Ternay (b. 1723 - d. 1780)
2 Dec 1776 - 28 Apr 1779 Antoine de Guiran, chevalier de
La Brillanne (b. 1724? - d. 1779)
28 Apr 1779 - 30 Apr 1779 Joseph Murinais, comte de
Saint-Maurice (acting)
1 May 1779 - 3 Nov 1787 François, vicomte de Souillac (b. 1732 - d. 1803)
(acting to 30 Jan 1780)
5 Apr 1785 - 28 Jun 1785 Camille Charles Leclerc,
chevalier de Fresne
(acting for Souillac)
28 Jun 1785 - 7 Nov 1785 Chevalier de Fleury
(acting for Souillac)
5 Nov 1787 - 14 Nov 1789 Antoine Raymond Joseph de Bruni,
chevalier d'Entrecasteaux (b. 1737 - d. 1793)
14 Nov 1789 - 29 Jul 1790 Thomas, comte de Conway (b. 1733 - d. c.1800)
29 Jul 1790 - 19 Aug 1790 Prosper de Chermont (acting) (b. 1741 - d. 1798)
19 Aug 1790 - 18 Jun 1792 David Charpentier de Cossigny (b. 1740 - d. 1801)
(acting)
18 Jun 1792 - 28 Jul 1800 Anne Joseph Hippolyte de Maurès,
comte de Malartic (b. 1730 - d. 1800)
28 Jul 1800 - 25 Sep 1803 François Louis Magallon de la
Morlière (b. 1754 - d. 1825)
26 Sep 1803 - 3 Dec 1810 Charles Mathieu Isidore, comte
Decaen (b. 1769 - d. 1832)
Governors
4 Dec 1810 - 20 May 1823 Robert Townsend Farquhar (from
27 Jul 1821, Sir Robert Townsend
Farquhar) (b. 1776 - d. 1830)
Acting for Farquhar:
9 Apr 1811 - 11 Jul 1811 Henry Warde (b. 1766 - d. 1834)
10 Nov 1817 - 10 Dec 1818 Gage Hall
10 Dec 1818 - 6 Feb 1819 John Dalrymple
6 Feb 1819 - 6 Jul 1820 Ralph Darling (b. 1772 - d. 1858)
20 May 1823 - 12 Jun 1823 Ralph Darling (acting) (s.a.)
12 Jun 1823 - 17 Jun 1828 Sir Galbraith Lowry Cole (b. 1772 - d. 1842)
17 Jun 1828 - 3 Feb 1833 Sir Charles Colville (b. 1770 - d. 1843)
4 Feb 1833 - 20 Feb 1840 Sir William Nicolay (b. 1771 - d. 1842)
20 Feb 1840 - 16 Jul 1840 James Power (acting)
16 Jul 1840 - 2 Jan 1842 Sir Lionel Smith (b. 1778 - d. 1842)
3 Jan 1842 - 21 Nov 1842 William Staveley (acting) (b. 1784 - d. 1854)
21 Nov 1842 - 5 May 1849 Sir William Maynard Gomm (b. 1784 - d. 1875)
5 May 1849 - 8 Jun 1849 Thomas Blanshard (acting)
8 Jun 1849 - 19 Oct 1850 Sir George William Anderson (b. 1791 - d. 1857)
19 Oct 1850 - 8 Jan 1851 William Sutherland (acting)
8 Jan 1851 - 20 Sep 1857 James Macaulay Higginson (from
2 Jan 1857, Sir James Macaulay
Higginson) (b. 1805 - d. 1885)
14 Apr 1854 - 18 Jan 1855 William Sutherland
(acting for Higginson)
18 Jan 1855 - 12 Jun 1855 C.M. Hay (acting for Higginson)
20 Sep 1857 - 9 Jan 1863 Sir William Stevenson (b. 1805 - d. 1863)
10 Jan 1863 - 21 Aug 1863 M.G. Johnstone (acting)
21 Aug 1863 - 3 Jun 1870 Sir Henry Barkly (b. 1815 - d. 1898)
4 Jun 1870 - 21 Feb 1871 Selby Smith (acting)
21 Feb 1871 - 18 Aug 1874 Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon (b. 1829 - d. 1912)
21 Oct 1871 - 28 Oct 1872 Edward Norton (1st time) (b. 1832 - d. 1897)
(acting for Hamilton Gordon)
20 Jan 1873 - 20 Oct 1873 Edward Norton (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting for Hamilton Gordon)
18 Aug 1874 - 21 Sep 1874 Edward Norton (3rd time) (acting) (s.a.)
21 Sep 1874 - 31 Dec 1878 Sir Arthur Purves Phayre (b. 1812 - d. 1885)
31 Dec 1878 - 4 Apr 1879 Frederick Napier Broome (1st time) (b. 1842 - d. 1896)
(acting)
4 Apr 1879 - 9 Dec 1880 Sir George Ferguson Bowen (b. 1821 - d. 1899)
9 Dec 1880 - 5 May 1883 Sir Frederick Napier Broome
(2nd time) (s.a.)
5 May 1883 - 1 Jun 1883 Charles Bruce (1st time) (acting) (b. 1836 - d. 1920)
1 Jun 1883 - 11 Dec 1889 Sir John Pope Hennessy (b. 1834 - d. 1891)
(suspended 14 Dec 1886 - 12 Jul 1887)
Acting for Hennessy:
24 Sep 1884 - 15 Oct 1884 Henry Nicholas Duverger Beyts
(1st time) (b. 1821 - d. 1899)
29 Sep 1886 - 12 Dec 1886 Henry Nicholas Duverger Beyts
(2nd time) (s.a.)
15 Dec 1886 - 18 Dec 1886 Sir Hercules Robinson (b. 1824 - d. 1897)
18 Dec 1886 - 2 Jul 1887 William Hanbury Hawley (b. 1829 - d. 1917)
2 Jul 1887 - 11 Dec 1888 Francis Fleming (b. 1842 - d. 1922)
11 Dec 1888 - 22 Dec 1888 Thomas Erskine Arthur Hall (b. 1836 - d. 1901)
11 Dec 1889 - 17 Dec 1889 Francis Fleming (acting) (s.a.)
17 Dec 1889 - 20 Dec 1889 Thomas Erskine Arthur Hall (s.a.)
(acting)
21 Dec 1889 - 12 Mar 1892 Sir Charles Cameron Lees (b. 1837 - d. 1898)
12 Mar 1892 - 15 Jan 1897 Hubert Edward Henry Jerningham
(from 2 Jan 1893, Sir Hubert
Edward Henry Jerningham) (b. 1842 - d. 1914)
(acting to 21 Jun 1893)
17 Jan 1894 - 24 Jul 1894 Charles Anthony King-Harman
(1st time) (b. 1851 - d. 1939)
(acting for Jerningham)
2 Mar 1896 - 19 Sep 1896 Charles Anthony King-Harman
(2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting for Jerningham)
15 Jan 1897 - 11 May 1897 Charles Anthony King-Harman
(3rd time) (acting) (s.a.)
11 May 1897 - 30 Oct 1903 Sir Charles Bruce (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Jul 1900 - 11 May 1901 Sir Graham John Bower (1st time) (b. 1848 - d. 1933)
(acting for Bruce)
30 Oct 1903 - 20 Aug 1904 Sir Graham John Bower (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
20 Aug 1904 - 10 Apr 1911 Sir Cavendish Boyle (b. 1849 - d. 1916)
14 Apr 1906 - 14 Sep 1906 Sir Graham John Bower (3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting for Boyle)
17 Oct 1908 - 23 Apr 1909 Sir Graham John Bower (4th time) (s.a.)
(acting for Boyle)
10 Apr 1911 - 13 Sep 1911 George Smith (acting) (b. 1858 - d. 1938)
13 Sep 1911 - 28 Jan 1916 John Robert Chancellor (from 3 Jun
1913, Sir John Robert Chancellor) (b. 1870 - d. 1952)
10 Mar 1914 - 22 Sep 1914 John Middleton (1st time) (b. 1870 - d. 1954)
(acting for Chancellor)
28 Jan 1916 - 18 May 1916 John Middleton (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
18 May 1916 - 16 Aug 1924 Sir Hesketh Bell (b. 1864 - d. 1952)
8 Feb 1919 - 17 Nov 1919 John Middleton (3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting for Bell)
2 Feb 1921 - 3 Apr 1921 Edward Brandis Denham (1st time) (b. 1876 - d. 1938)
(acting for Bell)
8 May 1922 - 3 Mar 1923 Edward Brandis Denham (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting for Bell)
16 Aug 1924 - 19 Feb 1925 Edward Allan Grannum (1st time) (b. 1869 - d. 1956)
(acting)
19 Feb 1925 - 9 Dec 1929 Sir Herbert James Read (b. 1863 - d. 1949)
2 Sep 1926 - 17 Oct 1926 Sir Edward Allan Grannum
(2nd time) (acting for Read) (s.a.)
3 Aug 1927 - 17 May 1928 Sir Edward Allan Grannum
(3rd time) (acting for Read) (s.a.)
9 Dec 1929 - 30 Aug 1930 Sir Edward Allan Grannum
(4th time) (acting) (s.a.)
30 Aug 1930 - 7 Jun 1937 Wilfrid Edward Francis Jackson
(from 3 Jun 1931, Sir Wilfrid
Edward Francis Jackson) (b. 1883 - d. 1971)
24 Aug 1932 - 29 Apr 1933 Edward Walter Evans (1st time) (b. 1890 - d. 1985)
(acting for Jackson)
3 Sep 1934 - 26 Oct 1934 Edward Walter Evans (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting for Jackson)
7 Apr 1936 - 4 Dec 1936 Edward Walter Evans (3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting for Jackson)
7 Jun 1937 - 23 Oct 1937 Edward Walter Evans (4th time) (s.a.)
(acting)
23 Oct 1937 - 16 Apr 1942 Sir Bede Edmund Hugh Clifford (b. 1890 - d. 1969)
29 Jan 1940 - 10 Sep 1940 Sydney Moody (1st time) (b. 1889 - d. 1979)
(acting for Clifford)
16 Apr 1942 - 5 Jul 1942 Sydney Moody (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
5 Jul 1942 - 5 Dec 1948 Sir Donald Mackenzie-Kennedy (b. 1889 - d. 1965)
23 May 1945 - 3 Jan 1946 Sydney Moody (3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting for Mackenzie-Kennedy)
8 May 1947 - 10 Jan 1948 Sydney Moody (4th time) (s.a.)
(acting for Mackenzie-Kennedy)
5 Dec 1948 - 26 Sep 1949 James Harford (1st time) (acting) (b. 1899 - d. 1993)
26 Sep 1949 - 11 Jan 1954 Sir Hilary Rudolph Robert Blood (b. 1893 - d. 1967)
26 Jun 1950 - 17 Nov 1950 James Harford (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting for Blood)
22 May 1952 - 14 Oct 1952 James Harford (3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting for Blood)
11 Jan 1954 - 22 Mar 1954 Robert Newton (1st time) (acting) (b. 1908 - d. 1983)
22 Mar 1954 - 10 Jul 1959 Sir Robert Scott (b. 1903 - d. 1968)
8 Nov 1956 - 18 Apr 1957 Robert Newton (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting for Scott)
10 Jul 1959 - 2 Nov 1959 Robert Newton (3rd time) (acting) (s.a.)
2 Nov 1959 - 10 Jul 1962 Sir Colville Deverell (b. 1907 - d. 1995)
11 Jun 1961 - 20 Jul 1961 Thomas Douglas Vickers
(1st time) (acting for Deverell) (b. 1916 - d. 1999)
10 Jul 1962 - 17 Sep 1962 Thomas Douglas Vickers (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
17 Sep 1962 - 12 Mar 1968 Sir John Rennie (b. 1917 - d. 2002)
24 Aug 1964 - 30 Nov 1964 Thomas Douglas Vickers
(3rd time) (acting for Rennie) (s.a.)
11 Oct 1966 - 28 Dec 1966 Thomas Douglas Vickers
(4th time) (acting for Rennie) (s.a.)
Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
12 Mar 1968 - 27 Aug 1968 Sir John Rennie (s.a.)
27 Aug 1968 - 3 Sep 1968 Sir Michel Rivalland (acting) (b. 1910 - d. 1970)
3 Sep 1968 - 27 Dec 1972 Sir Arthur Leonard Williams (b. 1904 - d. 1972)
27 Dec 1972 - 31 Oct 1977 Raman Osman (from 13 Feb 1973,
Sir Raman Osman) (b. 1902 - d. 1992)
(acting to Feb 1973)
31 Oct 1977 - 23 Mar 1978 Henry Garrioch (from 31 Dec 1977,
Sir Henry Garrioch) (acting) (b. 1916 - d. 2008)
23 Mar 1978 - 28 Dec 1983 Dayendranath Burrenchobay (from
30 Dec 1978, Sir Dayendranath
Burrenchobay) (b. 1919 - d. 1999)
(acting to Oct 1979)
28 Dec 1983 - 15 Dec 1985 Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam (b. 1900 - d. 1985)
15 Dec 1985 - 17 Jan 1986 Sir Cassam Moollan (acting) (b. 1927 - d. 2010)
17 Jan 1986 - 12 Mar 1992 Sir Veerasamy Ringadoo (b. 1920 - d. 2000)
Presidents
12 Mar 1992 - 1 Jul 1992 Sir Veerasamy Ringadoo (s.a.)
1 Jul 1992 - 15 Feb 2002 Cassam Uteem (b. 1941)
15 Feb 2002 - 18 Feb 2002 Angidi Chettiar (acting) (b. 1928 - d. 2010)
18 Feb 2002 - 25 Feb 2002 Ariranga Pillay (acting) (b. 1945)
25 Feb 2002 - 1 Oct 2003 Karl Offmann (b. 1940 - d. 2022)
1 Oct 2003 - 7 Oct 2003 Raouf Bundhun (acting) (b. 1937)
7 Oct 2003 - 31 Mar 2012 Sir Anerood Jugnauth (b. 1930 - d. 2021)
31 Mar 2012 - 21 Jul 2012 Monique Ohsan-Bellepeau (f)
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1942)
21 Jul 2012 - 29 May 2015 Rajkeswur Purryag (b. 1947)
29 May 2015 - 5 Jun 2015 Monique Ohsan-Bellepeau (f)
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
5 Jun 2015 - 23 Mar 2018 Ameenah Gurib-Fakim (f) (b. 1959)
23 Mar 2018 - 26 Nov 2019 Barlen Vyapoory (acting) (b. 1945?)
26 Nov 2019 - 2 Dec 2019 Eddy Balancy (acting) (b. 1953)
2 Dec 2019 - Pradeep Roopun (b. 1959)
Chief minister (from 12 Aug 1967, premier)
26 Sep 1961 - 12 Mar 1968 Seewoosagur Ramgoolam (from 12 Jun
1965, Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam) (s.a.)
Prime ministers
12 Mar 1968 - 16 Jun 1982 Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam (s.a.)
16 Jun 1982 - 22 Dec 1995 Anerood Jugnauth (from 11 Jun
1988, Sir Anerood Jugnauth)
(1st time) (s.a.)
22 Dec 1995 - 17 Sep 2000 Navin Ramgoolam (1st time) (b. 1947)
17 Sep 2000 - 30 Sep 2003 Sir Anerood Jugnauth (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Sep 2003 - 5 Jul 2005 Paul Bérenger (b. 1945)
5 Jul 2005 - 17 Dec 2014 Navin Ramgoolam (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Dec 2014 - 23 Jan 2017 Sir Anerood Jugnauth (3rd time) (s.a.)
23 Jan 2017 - Pravind Jugnauth (b. 1961)
12 Oct 2002 autonomy Chief commissioners 12 Oct 2002 - 4 Feb 2003 Jean Daniel Spéville (b. 1971) 4 Feb 2003 - 4 Aug 2006 Serge Clair (1st time) (b. 1940) 4 Aug 2006 - 12 Jan 2011 Johnson Roussety (1st time) (b. 1975) 12 Jan 2011 - 11 Feb 2012 Gaëtan Jhabeemissur (b. 1955) 11 Feb 2012 - 5 Mar 2022 Serge Clair (2nd time) (s.a.) 5 Mar 2022 - Johnson Roussety (2nd time) (s.a.)
Chief executives 24 Oct 2002 - 23 Oct 2004 Claude Wong So 24 Oct 2004 - 5 Mar 2010 Jean-Claude Pierre-Louis (1st time) Mar 2010 - 24 Aug 2010 Pritam Singh Mattan 24 Aug 2010 - 13 Feb 2012 Joseph Ah-Leong Chang-Siow 13 Feb 2012 - 21 Mar 2022 Jacques Davis Hee Hong Wye (b. 1968) 21 Mar 2022 - Jean-Claude Pierre-Louis (2nd time)
c.1500 Maore or Mawuti sultanate established
1832 conquered by Andriantsoly, former king of Iboina
on Madagascar
1833 conquered by Mwali (Mohéli)
19 Nov 1835 conquered by Ndzuwani (Anjouan)
1836 independent
25 Apr 1841 annexed by France (annexation ratified 13 Jun 1843)
25 Jul 1912 - 6 Jul 1975 part of the French territory of the Comoros
24 Dec 1976 French collectivité territoriale
11 Jul 2001 status changed to collectivité départementale
31 Mar 2011 status changed to overseas département (in fact a
collectivité unique including also regional authority)
Sultans
c.1700 - 17.. Aisa (f) (regent)
17.. - 17.. Monavo bint Mwinye Fani (f)
(regent)
17.. - 1727 Abu Bakr bin Omar
1727 - 1752 Salim bin Abi Bakr
1752 - 1790 Boina Kombo
1790 - 1807 Salim (b. ... - d. 1807)
1807 - 1817 Suhali bin Salim (b. ... - d. 1817)
1817 - 1829 Mawana Amadi bin Boina Kombo (b. ... - d. 1829)
1829 Moge Muku
1829 - 1832 Boina Kombo bin Amadi
1832 - 1833 Andriantsoly (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1845)
1836 - 25 Mar 1841 Andriantsoly (2nd time) (s.a.)
Commandants-superior (subordinated to the governors of Île Bourbon/Réunion)
13 Jun 1843 - 11 Mar 1844 Pierre Passot (1st time) (b. 1806 - d. 1854)
(French representative in Mayotte from 1841)
11 Mar 1844 - 17 Jun 1844 Paul Charles Rang (b. 1793 - d. 1844)
17 Jun 1844 - 22 Oct 1844 Charles Louis Thiebault (acting) (b. 1808 - d. 1850)
22 Oct 1844 - Jan 1846 Auguste Le Brun (acting) (b. 1793 - d. ...)
Jan 1846 - Aug 1849 Pierre Passot (2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Aug 1849 - 13 Jun 1851 Stanislas Fortunat Livet (b. 1808 - d. 1860)
13 Jun 1851 - 18 Oct 1853 Philibert Bonfils (b. 1809 - d. 1871)
18 Oct 1853 - 13 Dec 1854 André Brisset (acting) (b. 1808 - d. ...)
13 Dec 1854 - 15 Aug 1857 Auguste Joseph Verand
15 Aug 1857 - 14 Aug 1860 Charles Auguste Morel
14 Aug 1860 - 14 Dec 1864 Charles Gabrié
14 Dec 1864 - 8 Jul 1868 Joseph Vincent Christophe Colomb
(1st time) (b. 1814 - d. 1887)
8 Jul 1868 - 15 Apr 1869 Joseph Hayes (acting) (b. 1814 - d. ...)
15 Apr 1869 - 21 May 1869 L.J. Leguay (acting)
21 May 1869 - 4 Mar 1871 Joseph Vincent Christophe Colomb
(2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Mar 1871 - 1 Mar 1875 Patrice Louis Jules Ventre de la
Touloubre (1st time) (b. 1813 - d. ...)
(acting to 19 Dec 1871)
1 Mar 1875 - 16 Sep 1875 Claude Fontaine (acting)
16 Sep 1875 - 26 Dec 1875 François Ferriez (acting) (b. 1834 - d. ...)
26 Dec 1875 - 2 Jan 1878 Patrice Louis Jules Ventre de la
Touloubre (2nd time) (s.a.)
Commandants (subordinated to the governors of Réunion)
2 Jan 1878 - 9 Dec 1878 Jean Roblin (acting)
9 Dec 1878 - 7 Sep 1879 Charles Vassal (acting)
7 Sep 1879 - 16 Dec 1879 Charles Bayet (acting)
16 Dec 1879 - 31 Dec 1879 Edouard Sasias (acting)
31 Dec 1879 - 3 Mar 1885 François Ferriez (s.a.)
3 Mar 1885 - Aug 1887 Anne Léodor Philotée Metellus
Gerville-Réache (b. 1849 - d. ...)
19 Aug 1887 - 5 Sep 1887 Paul Louis Maxime Celoron de
Blainville (b. 1831 - d. 1889)
Governors
5 Sep 1887 - 1888 Paul Louis Maxime Celoron de
Blainville (s.a.)
4 May 1888 - 1893 Clovis Papinaud (b. 1844 - d. 1900)
1893 - 1 Sep 1896 Étienne Théodore Lacascade (b. 1841 - d. 1906)
Administrators-superior (subordinated to the governors-general of Madagascar)
30 Mar 1896 - 1897 Auguste Pereton (acting)
5 Aug 1897 - 11 Mar 1899 Louis Mizon (b. 1853 - d. 1899)
Governors
Mar 1899 - 8 Jul 1900 Clovis Papinaud (s.a.)
18 Sep 1900 - 1902 Pierre Pascal
1902 Louis Lemaire (acting)
15 Oct 1902 - May 1904 Alfred Martineau (b. 1859 - d. 1945)
1 Jun 1904 - 1905 Jules Martin (acting) (b. 1855 - d. 19...)
1905 - 1906 Gaston Joliet (b. 1842 - d. 1921)
3 Mar 1906 - 1907 Fernand Foureau (b. 1850 - d. 1914)
26 Dec 1907 - 1908 Paul Patté (acting)
Administrators (subordinated to the governors-general of Madagascar)
8 Sep 1908 - 1909 Charles Vergnes (b. 1863 - d. 1935)
31 Mar 1909 - 1910 Ernest Bonneval
24 Feb 1910 - 1911 Michel Astor
1 May 1911 - 28 Sep 1911 Frédéric Estèbe (b. 1863 - d. 1936)
28 Sep 1911 - 25 Jul 1912 Gabriel Samuel Garnier-Mouton (b. 1864 - d. 19...)
Prefects (10 May 1982 - 24 Feb 1988, commissioners of the republic)
21 Jul 1975 - 1976 Younoussa Bamana (b. 1935 - d. 2007)
(proclaimed by pro-French demonstrators)
23 Jun 1976 - 30 Apr 1978 Jean Coussirou (b. 1930 - d. 2006)
30 Apr 1978 - 15 Apr 1980 Jean Rigotard (b. 1925 - d. 2016)
15 Apr 1980 - 24 Jan 1981 Philippe Kessler (b. 1927 - d. 2013)
24 Feb 1981 - 25 Jan 1982 Pierre Sevellec (b. 1921 - d. 1999)
25 Jan 1982 - 25 Nov 1982 Yves Bonnet (b. 1935)
25 Jan 1983 - 1984 Christian Pellerin (b. 1933)
6 Mar 1984 - 1986 François Bonnelle (b. 1933 - d. 2002)
11 Mar 1986 - 1986 Guy Dupuis (b. 1937 - d. 2020)
7 Oct 1986 - 1988 Akli Khider
12 Dec 1988 - 1990 Daniel Limodin (b. 1944)
7 Nov 1990 - 24 Feb 1993 Jean-Paul Coste (b. 1943)
9 Mar 1993 - 17 Jan 1994 Jean-Jacques Debacq (b. 1952)
17 Jan 1994 - 20 Feb 1996 Alain Weil (b. 1945)
20 Feb 1996 - 15 Jul 1998 Philippe Boisadam (b. 1941)
31 Aug 1998 - 8 Oct 2001 Pierre Bayle (b. 1952)
8 Oct 2001 - 4 Jul 2002 Philippe de Mester (b. 1955)
4 Jul 2002 - 17 Jan 2005 Jean-Jacques Brot (b. 1956)
17 Jan 2005 - 1 Feb 2007 Jean-Paul Kihl (b. 1950)
1 Feb 2007 - Sep 2008 Vincent Bouvier (b. 1952)
12 Sep 2008 - 13 Jul 2009 Denis Robin (b. 1962)
13 Jul 2009 - 17 Aug 2009 Christophe Peyrel (acting) (b. 1970)
17 Aug 2009 - 4 Jul 2011 Hubert Derache (b. 1953)
4 Jul 2011 - 26 Jul 2011 Patrick Duprat (acting) (b. 1960)
26 Jul 2011 - 14 Feb 2013 Thomas Degos (b. 1971)
14 Feb 2013 - 18 Feb 2013 François Chauvin (acting) (b. 1960)
18 Feb 2013 - 23 Aug 2014 Jacques Witkowski (b. 1963)
23 Aug 2014 - 2 Sep 2014 Bruno André (1st time) (acting) (b. 1962)
2 Sep 2014 - 17 May 2016 Seymour Morsy (b. 1963)
17 May 2016 - 23 May 2016 Bruno André (2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
23 May 2016 - 30 Mar 2018 Frédéric Veau (b. 1967)
30 Mar 2018 - 29 Jul 2019 Dominique Sorain (b. 1955)
29 Jul 2019 - 5 Jul 2021 Jean-François Colombet (b. 1960)
12 Jul 2021 - 24 Feb 2024 Thierry Suquet (b. 1960)
24 Feb 2024 - François-Xavier Bieuville (b. 1965)
Presidents of the General Council
2 Apr 2004 - 20 Mar 2008 Said Omar Oili (b. 1957)
20 Mar 2008 - 3 Apr 2011 Ahmed Attoumani Douchina (b. 1955)
3 Apr 2011 - 2 Apr 2015 Daniel Zaïdani (b. 1975)
Presidents of the Departmental Council
2 Apr 2015 - 1 Jul 2021 Soibahadine Ibrahim Ramadani (b. 1949)
1 Jul 2021 - Ben Issa Ousseni (b. 1973)