Taiwan - Tajikistan - Tanzania - Thailand - Timor-Leste - Togo - Tokelau - Tonga - Trinidad and Tobago - Tunisia - Turkey - Turkmenistan - Turks and Caicos Islands - Tuvalu |
8 May 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki, handing Taiwan over to Japan,
in force
25 May 1895 Republic of Taiwan inaugurated, in resistance to the
handover
2 Jun 1895 handover of Taiwan to Japan formally executed, while
resistance continues, especially in Tainan city
21 Oct 1895 Republic of Taiwan extinguished by Japan
25 Oct 1945 Taiwan is returned to the Republic of China
8 Dec 1949 Taiwan becomes the seat of the Republic of China, which
controls only the island (plus small islands of Fujian
province) and gradually loses international recognitionš
(for the Republic of China before 1949, see China)
25 May 1895 - 21 Oct 1895 nien-hao (era name): Yung-ch'ing Presidents 25 May 1895 - 5 Jun 1895 T'ang Ching-sung (b. 1841 - d. 1903) Jun 1895 - 21 Oct 1895 Liu Yung-fu (b. 1837 - d. 1917)
Governors-general
17 Jun 1895 - 2 Jun 1896 Count Sukenori Kabayama (b. 1837 - d. 1922)
2 Jun 1896 - 14 Oct 1896 Viscount Taro Katsura (b. 1848 - d. 1913)
14 Oct 1896 - 26 Feb 1898 Maresuke Nogi (b. 1849 - d. 1912)
26 Feb 1898 - 11 Apr 1906 Baron Gentaro Kodama (b. 1852 - d. 1906)
11 Apr 1906 - 1 May 1915 Viscount (from 1907, Count)
Samata Sakuma (b. 1844 - d. 1915)
1 May 1915 - 6 Jun 1918 Baron Sadayoshi Ando (b. 1853 - d. 1932)
6 Jun 1918 - 26 Oct 1919 Motojiro Akashi (from Oct 1919,
Baron Motojiro Akashi) (b. 1864 - d. 1919)
29 Oct 1919 - 2 Sep 1923 Baron Kenjiro Den (b. 1855 - d. 1930)
6 Sep 1923 - 1 Sep 1924 Kakichi Uchida (b. 1866 - d. 1933)
1 Sep 1924 - 16 Jul 1926 Takio Izawa (b. 1869 - d. 1949)
16 Jul 1926 - 16 Jun 1928 Mitsunoshin Kamiyama (b. 1869 - d. 1938)
16 Jun 1928 - 30 Jul 1929 Takeji Kawamura (b. 1871 - d. 1955)
30 Jul 1929 - 16 Jan 1931 Eizo Ishizuka (b. 1866 - d. 1942)
16 Jan 1931 - 2 Mar 1932 Masahiro Ota (b. 1871 - d. 1951)
2 Mar 1932 - 26 May 1932 Hiroshi Minami (b. 1869 - d. 1946)
27 May 1932 - 2 Sep 1936 Kenzo Nakagawa (b. 1875 - d. 1944)
2 Sep 1936 - 27 Nov 1940 Seizo Kobayashi (b. 1877 - d. 1962)
27 Nov 1940 - 30 Dec 1944 Kiyoshi Hasegawa (b. 1883 - d. 1970)
30 Dec 1944 - 25 Oct 1945 Rikichi Ando (b. 1884 - d. 1946)
Presidents 21 Jan 1949 - 1 Mar 1950 Li Tsung-jen (acting) (b. 1890 - d. 1969) 1 Mar 1950 - 5 Apr 1975 Chiang Kai-shek (b. 1887 - d. 1975) 5 Apr 1975 - 20 May 1978 Yen Chia-kan (b. 1905 - d. 1993) 20 May 1978 - 13 Jan 1988 Chiang Ching-kuo (b. 1910 - d. 1988) 13 Jan 1988 - 20 May 2000 Lee Teng-hui (b. 1923 - d. 2020) 20 May 2000 - 20 May 2008 Chen Shui-bian (b. 1950) 20 May 2008 - 20 May 2016 Ma Ying-jeou (b. 1950) 20 May 2016 - Tsai Ing-wen (f) (b. 1956)
Presidents of the Executive Yuan (premiers) 3 Jun 1949 - 8 Mar 1950 Yen Hsi-shan (b. 1883 - d. 1960) 8 Mar 1950 - 7 Jun 1954 Ch'en Ch'eng (1st time) (b. 1898 - d. 1965) 7 Jun 1954 - 30 Jun 1958 Yu Hung-chun (b. 1898 - d. 1960) 30 Jun 1958 - 16 Dec 1963 Ch'en Ch'eng (2nd time) (s.a.) 16 Dec 1963 - 29 May 1972 Yen Chia-kan (s.a.) 29 May 1972 - 30 May 1978 Chiang Ching-kuo (s.a.) 30 May 1978 - 20 May 1984 Sun Yun-suan (b. 1913 - d. 2006) 20 May 1984 - 21 May 1989 Yu Kuo-hwa (b. 1914 - d. 2000) 21 May 1989 - 30 May 1990 Lee Huan (b. 1917 - d. 2010) 30 May 1990 - 10 Feb 1993 Hau Pei-tsun (b. 1919 - d. 2020) 10 Feb 1993 - 1 Sep 1997 Lien Chan (b. 1936) 1 Sep 1997 - 20 May 2000 Vincent Siew (b. 1939) 20 May 2000 - 6 Oct 2000 Tang Fei (b. 1932) 6 Oct 2000 - 1 Feb 2002 Chang Chun-hsiung (1st time) (b. 1938) 1 Feb 2002 - 1 Feb 2005 Yu Shyi-kun (b. 1948) 1 Feb 2005 - 25 Jan 2006 Frank Hsieh (b. 1946) 25 Jan 2006 - 21 May 2007 Su Tseng-chang (1st time) (b. 1947) 21 May 2007 - 20 May 2008 Chang Chun-hsiung (2nd time) (s.a.) 20 May 2008 - 10 Sep 2009 Liu Chao-shiuan (b. 1943) 10 Sep 2009 - 6 Feb 2012 Wu Den-yih (b. 1948) 6 Feb 2012 - 18 Feb 2013 Sean Chen (b. 1949) 18 Feb 2013 - 8 Dec 2014 Jiang Yi-huah (b. 1960) 8 Dec 2014 - 1 Feb 2016 Mao Chi-kuo (b. 1948) 18 Jan 2016 - 20 May 2016 Simon Chang (b. 1954) (acting for Mao to 1 Feb 2016) 20 May 2016 - 8 Sep 2017 Lin Chuan (b. 1951) 8 Sep 2017 - 14 Jan 2019 Lai Ching-te (b. 1959) 14 Jan 2019 - 31 Jan 2023 Su Tseng-chang (2nd time) (s.a.) 31 Jan 2023 - Chen Chien-jen (b. 1951)
Governors 25 Oct 1945 - 16 May 1947 Ch'en Yi (b. 1883 - d. 1950) 16 May 1947 - 5 Jan 1949 Wei Tao-ming (b. 1900 - d. 1978) 5 Jan 1949 - 21 Dec 1949 Ch'en Ch'eng (s.a.) 21 Dec 1949 - 16 Apr 1953 Wu Gwo-jen (b. 1903 - d. 1984) 16 Apr 1953 - 7 Jun 1954 Yu Hung-chun (s.a.) 7 Jun 1954 - 16 Aug 1957 Yen Chia-kan (s.a.) 16 Aug 1957 - 1 Dec 1962 Chow Chih-jou (b. 1899 - d. 1986) 1 Dec 1962 - 5 Jul 1969 Huang Chieh (b. 1902 - d. 1994) 5 Jul 1969 - 6 Jun 1972 Chen Ta-ching (b. 1905 - d. 1973) 6 Jun 1972 - 20 May 1978 Shieh Tung-min (b. 1907 - d. 2001) 12 Jun 1978 - 5 Dec 1981 Lin Yang-kang (b. 1927 - d. 2013) 5 Dec 1981 - 20 May 1984 Lee Teng-hui (s.a.) 9 Jun 1984 - 16 Jun 1990 Chiu Chuang-huan (b. 1925 - d. 2020) 16 Jun 1990 - 25 Feb 1993 Lien Chan (s.a.) 20 Mar 1993 - 21 Dec 1998 James Soong (b. 1942) 21 Dec 1998 - 20 May 2000 Chao Shou-po (b. 1941) 20 May 2000 - 4 Feb 2002 Chang Po-ya (f) (b. 1942) 4 Feb 2002 - 10 Oct 2003 Fan Kuang-chun (b. 1939) 10 Oct 2003 - 25 Jan 2006 Lin Kuang-hua (b. 1945) 21 Dec 2007 - 20 May 2008 Lin Si-yao (b. 1961) 20 May 2008 - 10 Sep 2009 Tsai Hsung-hsiung (b. 1941) 10 Sep 2009 - 24 Feb 2010 Chang Jin-fu (b. 1948) 24 Feb 2010 - 20 May 2016 Lin Junq-tzer (b. 1944) 20 May 2016 - 29 Jun 2016 Shih Jun-ji (b. 1955) 29 Jun 2016 - 3 Nov 2017 Hsu Jan-yau (b. 1951) 3 Nov 2017 - 2018 Wu Tze-cheng (b. 1945)
Governors (in Taiwan province Jul 1956 - 15 Jan 1996) 23 Nov 1949 - Jan 1955 Hu Lien (b. 1907 - d. 1977) Feb 1955 - 21 May 1986 Tai Chung-yu (b. 1910 - d. 1986) Jun 1986 - Feb 1998 Wu Chin-tzan (b. 1936 - d. 2012) Feb 1998 - May 2007 Yen Chung-cheng (b. 1938) 21 May 2007 - 28 Nov 2007 Yang Cheng-hsi (acting) (b. 1945) 28 Nov 2007 - 20 May 2008 Chen Chin-jun (b. 1956) 20 May 2008 - 10 Sep 2009 Hsueh Hsiang-chuan (b. 1944) 10 Sep 2009 - 18 Feb 2013 James Cherng-tay Hsueh (b. 1956) 18 Feb 2013 - 1 Aug 2013 Chen Shyh-kwei (b. 1952) 1 Aug 2013 - 30 Sep 2013 Luo Ying-shay (f) (b. 1951 - d. 2021) Oct 2013 - Mar 2014 Schive Chi (b. 1947) Mar 2014 - Dec 2014 Deng Chen-chung (b. 1952) Dec 2014 - 1 Feb 2016 Duh Tyzz-jiun (b. 1959) 1 Feb 2016 - 20 May 2016 Lin Chu-chia (b. 1956) 20 May 2016 - 2019 Chang Jing-sen (b. 1959)šThe People's Republic of China replaced Taiwan in the UN on 15 Nov 1971; the U.S. switched recognition from Taiwan to the People's Republic on 1 Jan 1979. Currently, Taiwan has diplomatic relations with 12 countries (Belize, Eswatini, Guatemala, Haiti, Marshall Islands, Palau, Paraguay, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Tuvalu, Vatican City).
5 Dec 1929 Tadzhik S.S.R. (see Soviet republics)
9 Sep 1991 independence declared (Republic of Tajikistan)
25 Dec 1991 final independence (dissolution of the U.S.S.R.)
Presidents
31 Aug 1991 - 23 Sep 1991 Kadriddin Aslonov (acting) (b. 1947 - d. 1992)
23 Sep 1991 - 7 Oct 1991 Rakhmon Nabiyev (1st time) (b. 1930 - d. 1993)
(acting)
7 Oct 1991 - 2 Dec 1991 Akbarsho Iskandarov (1st time) (b. 1951)
(acting)
2 Dec 1991 - 7 Sep 1992 Rakhmon Nabiyev (2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Sep 1992 - 19 Nov 1992 Akbarsho Iskandarov (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
19 Nov 1992 - Emomali Rakhmonov (from 21 Mar
2007, Emomali Rakhmon) (b. 1952)
(acting to 27 Nov 1992; chairman Supreme Council
27 Nov 1992 - 16 Nov 1994)
Prime ministers
25 Jun 1991 - 9 Jan 1992 Izatullo Khayoyev (b. 1936 - d. 2015)
9 Jan 1992 - 21 Sep 1992 Akbar Mirzoyev (b. 1939)
21 Sep 1992 - 18 Dec 1993 Abdumalik Abdullajanov (b. 1949)
(acting to 20 Nov 1992)
18 Dec 1993 - 2 Dec 1994 Abdujalil Samadov (b. 1949 - d. 2004)
(acting to 27 Dec 1993)
2 Dec 1994 - 8 Feb 1996 Jamshed Karimov (b. 1940)
8 Feb 1996 - 20 Dec 1999 Yakhyo Azimov (b. 1947)
20 Dec 1999 - 23 Nov 2013 Akil Akilov (b. 1944)
23 Nov 2013 - Kokhir Rasulzoda (b. 1961)
15 Aug 1923 Pamir okrug (within Fergana oblast, Turkestan A.S.S.R.,
Russian S.F.S.R.; from 5 Dec 1924 Uzbek S.S.R.)
2 Jan 1925 Autonomous oblast of Gorny Badakhshan (within Tadzhik A.S.S.R.,
Uzbek S.S.R.; from 5 Dec 1929 Tadzhik S.S.R.)
5 Dec 1936 Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous oblast
Presidents of the Pamir Bureau of the Communist Party
1924 - 1925 Mannon Ramzi (b. 1893 - d. 1938)
1925 K. Gerasimov
1925 - 1926 M. Dudnikov
1926 Kh. Klyavin
1926 - 1928 Panov
Nov 1928 - c.1929 Konstantin Moiseyenko (b. 1890 - d. 19...)
c.1929 - 10 Nov 1930 Khuram Bakiyev (b. 1898 - d. 1938)
First secretaries of the Communist Party committee
17 Nov 1930 - Oct 1937 Khuram Bakiyev (s.a.)
(executive secretary to ...)
Mar 1938 - Apr 1938 Ivan Volchkov (b. 1897 - d. 1980)
1938 - 1941 Andrey Kuznetsov
1941 - 1944 Mikhail Prishchepa (b. 1906 - d. ...)
1945 - 1948 Kurbansho Gadoliyev (b. 1908 - d. 1987)
1948 - 1949 Tadzhiddin Isayev (b. 1904 - d. 1971)
1949 - 1950 Nigmat Ashurov (b. 1904 - d. 1973)
1950 - 1951 Ismail Burkhanov (b. ... - d. 1978)
1951 - Aug 1956 Rakhimbobo Tursunov (b. 1917 - d. 1995)
Aug 1956 - Apr 1961 Nadzhmidin Abdullayev (b. 1917 - d. 1982)
Apr 1961 - Sep 1963 Grizi Dzhavov (b. 1916)
Sep 1963 - Apr 1970 Moyensho Nazarshoyev (b. 1929 - d. 1994)
Apr 1970 - 15 Dec 1978 Khushkadam Davlyatkadamov (b. 1924 - d. 1995)
15 Dec 1978 - 5 Jun 1982 Aloviddin Babayev (b. 1931 - d. 1994)
5 Jun 1982 - 11 Apr 1987 Mukhiddin Zairov (b. 1931 - d. 2018)
11 Apr 1987 - 21 Sep 1991 Soibnazar Beknazarov (b. 1934)
Chairman of the Provincial Council
1990 - 1992 Akbarsho Iskandarov (b. 1951)
Chairman of the Supreme Council
1992 - 1993 Akbarsho Iskandarov (s.a.)
Chairmen
Dec 1994 - 25 Nov 2006 Alimamad Niyozmamadov (b. 1943)
25 Nov 2006 - 19 Nov 2013 Kadyr Kasymov (from Jun 2007,
Kodiri Kosim) (b. 1961)
(acting to 12 Feb 2007)
19 Nov 2013 - 1 Oct 2018 Shodikhon Jamshedov (b. 1962)
1 Oct 2018 - 5 Nov 2021 Yodgor Fayzov (b. 1961)
(acting to 25 Feb 2019)
5 Nov 2021 - Alisher Khudoyberdi (b. 1980)
(acting to 19 Jun 2022)
Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee (from 16 Nov 1925 Executive Committee)
1923 - Aug 1924 Mikhail Sluvis (b. 1888 - d. 1938)
27 Aug 1924 - Oct 1926 Seyfullo Abdullayev (b. 1899 - d. 1938)
Oct 1926 - 1928 Ibragim Ismailov (b. 1901 - d. 1938)
1928 - 1930 Khuram Bakiyev (s.a.)
1934 - 1937 Meretdin Amdinov (b. 1905 - d. 1938)
193. - 1939 Mirkhan Saidov (b. 1906 - d. ...)
1939 - 1943 Khodzhan Shadmanov (b. 1908 - d. 1972)
1943 - 1947 Dzhifon Mulkamonov (b. 1910 - d. ...)
1947 - May 1949 Sharif Rakhmatov (1st time) (b. 1910 - d. ...)
May 1949 - Jul 1950 Nazarsho Dodkhudoyev (b. 1915 - d. 2000)
1950 - 1953 ...
1953 - 1957 Sharif Rakhmatov (2nd time) (s.a.)
1957 - Apr 1961 Grizi Dzhavov (s.a.)
Apr 1961 - 1967 Mirzodzhan Shirindzhanov (b. 1922)
1967 - Apr 1970 Khushkadam Davlyatkadamov (s.a.)
Apr 1970 - 1972 Lakay Karmyshev (b. 1930)
1973 - 28 Mar 1978 Izatullo Khayoyev (b. 1936 - d. 2015)
28 Mar 1978 - 1988 Muminsho Abdulvasiyev (b. 1933 - d. 1992)
1988 - 1990 Yevgeny Turgunov (b. 1947)
1990 - 1991 Garibsho Shakhbozov (b. 1937 - d. 2007)
1991 - 1993 Shodavlat Shodavlatov (b. 1939 - d. 2022)
25 Jul 1993 - 1994 Balkhiyer Zamirov
28 Apr 1888 Germany obtains a lease of the coastal strip from the
sultan of Zanzibar
1891 German protectorate (German East Africa)
1916 British occupation
20 Jul 1922 League of Nations mandate (Tanganyika)
13 Dec 1946 United Nations trust territory
9 Dec 1961 independence
9 Dec 1962 Republic of Tanganyika
26 Apr 1964 United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar
29 Oct 1964 United Republic of Tanzania
Reichskommissar
8 Feb 1889 - 21 Feb 1891 Hermann von Wissmann (b. 1853 - d. 1905)
Governors
14 Feb 1891 - 15 Sep 1893 Julius Freiherr von Soden (b. 1846 - d. 1921)
15 Sep 1893 - 25 Feb 1895 Friedrich Radbod Freiherr von
Schele (b. 1847 - d. 1904)
26 Apr 1895 - 3 Dec 1896 Hermann von Wissmann (s.a.)
3 Dec 1896 - 12 Mar 1901 Eduard (from 1 Jan 1900, von)
Liebert (b. 1850 - d. 1934)
12 Mar 1901 - 15 Apr 1906 Gustav Adolf Graf von Götzen (b. 1866 - d. 1910)
15 Apr 1906 - 22 Apr 1912 Georg Albrecht Freiherr von
Rechenberg (b. 1861 - d. 1935)
22 Apr 1912 - 14 Nov 1918 Albert Heinrich Schnee (b. 1871 - d. 1949)
Administrator
9 Oct 1916 - 22 Jul 1920 Horace Byatt (from 1 Jan 1918,
Sir Horace Byatt) (b. 1875 - d. 1933)
Governors
22 Jul 1920 - 1924 Sir Horace Byatt (s.a.)
5 Mar 1925 - 1931 Sir Donald Charles Cameron (b. 1872 - d. 1948)
Jan 1931 - 1934 Sir Stewart Symes (b. 1882 - d. 1962)
Feb 1934 - 1938 Sir Harold MacMichael (b. 1882 - d. 1969)
1938 - 1941 Sir Mark Young (b. 1886 - d. 1974)
19 Jun 1941 - 1945 Sir Wilfrid Edward Francis Jackson (b. 1883 - d. 1971)
28 Apr 1945 - 1949 Sir William Denis Battershill (b. 1896 - d. 1959)
18 Jun 1949 - Jun 1958 Sir Edward Francis Twining (b. 1899 - d. 1967)
15 Jul 1958 - 9 Dec 1961 Sir Richard Turnbull (b. 1909 - d. 1998)
Governor-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
9 Dec 1961 - 9 Dec 1962 Sir Richard Turnbull (s.a.)
Presidents
9 Dec 1962 - 5 Nov 1985 Julius Nyerere (b. 1922 - d. 1999)
5 Nov 1985 - 23 Nov 1995 Ali Hassan Mwinyi (b. 1925 - d. 2024)
23 Nov 1995 - 21 Dec 2005 Benjamin Mkapa (b. 1938 - d. 2020)
21 Dec 2005 - 5 Nov 2015 Jakaya Kikwete (b. 1950)
5 Nov 2015 - 17 Mar 2021 John Magufuli (b. 1959 - d. 2021)
19 Mar 2021 - Samia Suluhu Hassan (f) (b. 1960)
Chief minister
2 Sep 1960 - 1 May 1961 Julius Nyerere (s.a.)
Prime ministers
1 May 1961 - 22 Jan 1962 Julius Nyerere (s.a.)
22 Jan 1962 - 9 Dec 1962 Rashidi Kawawa (1st time) (b. 1926 - d. 2009)
17 Feb 1972 - 13 Feb 1977 Rashidi Kawawa (2nd time) (s.a.)
13 Feb 1977 - 7 Nov 1980 Edward Moringe Sokoine (1st time) (b. 1938 - d. 1984)
7 Nov 1980 - 24 Feb 1983 Cleopa David Msuya (1st time) (b. 1931)
24 Feb 1983 - 12 Apr 1984 Edward Moringe Sokoine (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Apr 1984 - 5 Nov 1985 Salim Ahmed Salim (b. 1942)
5 Nov 1985 - 9 Nov 1990 Joseph Warioba (b. 1940)
9 Nov 1990 - 7 Dec 1994 John Malecela (b. 1934)
7 Dec 1994 - 28 Nov 1995 Cleopa David Msuya (2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Nov 1995 - 30 Dec 2005 Frederick Sumaye (b. 1950)
30 Dec 2005 - 9 Feb 2008 Edward Lowassa (b. 1953 - d. 2024)
9 Feb 2008 - 20 Nov 2015 Mizengo Pinda (b. 1948)
20 Nov 2015 - Kassim Majaliwa (b. 1960)
14 Sep 1806 Al ´Bu Sa`id lineage from Oman begins to rule Zanzibar
2 Apr 1861 Zanzibar separated from Oman and style Sultan recognized
by U.K. mediation (accepted by sultan of Zanzibar 25 Jun 1861)
7 Nov 1890 British protectorate proclaimed
1895 coastal domains of Zanzibar become Kenya Protectorate
under U.K. (and are relinquished to Kenya on Kenya's
independence 12 Dec 1963)
10 Dec 1963 British protectorate terminated
12 Jan 1964 People's Republic of Zanzibar
26 Apr 1964 united with Tanganyika
Hamis (informally, sultans)
- Al ´Bu Sa`id dynasty -
14 Sep 1806 - 19 Oct 1856 Sayyid Said ibn Sultan (b. 1790 - d. 1856)
19 Oct 1856 - 25 Jun 1861 Sayyid Majid ibn Said (b. 1834 - d. 1870)
Sultans
- Al ´Bu Sa`id dynasty -
25 Jun 1861 - 7 Oct 1870 Sayyid Majid ibn Said (s.a.)
7 Oct 1870 - 26 Mar 1888 Sayyid Barghash ibn Said (b. 1837 - d. 1888)
27 Mar 1888 - 13 Feb 1890 Sayyid Khalifa ibn Said (b. 1852 - d. 1890)
13 Feb 1890 - 5 Mar 1893 Sayyid Ali ibn Said (b. 1854 - d. 1893)
5 Mar 1893 - 25 Aug 1896 Sayyid Hamid ibn Thuwayni (b. 1857 - d. 1896)
25 Aug 1896 - 27 Aug 1896 Sayyid Khalid ibn Barghash (b. 1874 - d. 1927)
27 Aug 1896 - 18 Jul 1902 Sayyid Hamud ibn Muhammad (b. 1853 - d. 1902)
18 Jul 1902 - 8 Dec 1911 Sayyid Ali ibn Hamud (b. 1884 - d. 1918)
9 Dec 1911 - 9 Oct 1960 Sayyid Khalifa ibn Harub (b. 1879 - d. 1960)
9 Oct 1960 - 1 Jul 1963 Sayyid Abdullah ibn Khalifa (b. 1910 - d. 1963)
1 Jul 1963 - 12 Jan 1964 Sayyid Jamshid ibn Abdullah (b. 1929)
Presidents
12 Jan 1964 - 7 Apr 1972 Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume (b. 1905 - d. 1972)
(from 20 Dec 1971 president of the Revolutionary Council)
11 Apr 1972 - 30 Jan 1984 Sheikh Mwinyi Aboud Jumbe (b. 1920 - d. 2016)
30 Jan 1984 - 24 Oct 1985 Ali Hassan Mwinyi (s.a.)
(acting to 19 Apr 1984)
24 Oct 1985 - 25 Oct 1990 Idris Abdul Wakil (b. 1925 - d. 2000)
25 Oct 1990 - 8 Nov 2000 Salmin Amour (b. 1948)
8 Nov 2000 - 3 Nov 2010 Amani Abeid Karume (b. 1948)
3 Nov 2010 - 2 Nov 2020 Ali Mohamed Shein (b. 1948)
2 Nov 2020 - Hussein Mwinyi (b. 1966)
First ministers
Oct 1891 - 11 Oct 1901 Lloyd William Mathews (from 3 Mar
1894, Sir Lloyd William Mathews) (b. 1850 - d. 1901)
Nov 1901 - Oct 1905 Alexander Stuart Rogers (b. 1862 - d. 1930)
1906 - 1908 Arthur Edward Harington Raikes (b. 1867 - d. 1915)
1908 - 31 Dec 1913 Francis Rickman Barton (b. 1865 - d. 1947)
Chief ministers
23 Feb 1961 - 5 Jun 1961 Patrick Allan Pearson Robertson (b. 1913 - d. 2008)
(acting)
5 Jun 1961 - 24 Jun 1963 Sheikh Muhammad Shamte Hamadi (b. 1907 - d. af.1969)
Prime ministers
24 Jun 1963 - 12 Jan 1964 Sheikh Muhammad Shamte Hamadi (s.a.)
12 Jan 1964 - 27 Apr 1964 Abdullah Kassim Hanga (b. 1932 - d. 1969)
Chief ministers
21 Feb 1983 - 6 Feb 1984 Ramadhani Haji Faki (b. 1929? - d. 2020)
6 Feb 1984 - 22 Jan 1988 Seif Sharif Hamad (b. 1943 - d. 2021)
25 Jan 1988 - 1 Nov 1995 Omar Ali Juma (b. 1941 - d. 2001)
1 Nov 1995 - 15 Nov 2000 Mohamed Gharib Bilal (b. 1945)
15 Nov 2000 - Nov 2010 Shamsi Vuai Nahodha (b. 1962)
British consuls-general
1891 - 1893 Gerald Herbert Portal (from 4 Aug
1892, Sir Gerald Herbert Portal) (b. 1858 - d. 1894)
1893 - 1894 James Rennell Rodd (b. 1858 - d. 1941)
1894 - 1900 Arthur Henry Hardinge (from 22 Jun
1897, Sir Arthur Henry Hardinge) (b. 1859 - d. 1933)
1900 - 1904 Sir Charles Eliot (b. 1862 - d. 1931)
1904 - 1909 Basil Cave (b. 1865 - d. 1931)
1909 - 13 Feb 1913 Edward Clarke (b. 1860 - d. 1913)
Residents
1 Jul 1913 - 1922 Francis Barrow Pearce (b. 1866 - d. 1926)
1922 - 1923 John Houston Sinclair (b. 1871 - d. 1961)
Jan 1924 - 1929 Claud Hollis (from 1 Jan 1927,
Sir Claud Hollis) (b. 1874 - d. 1961)
Dec 1929 - 1937 Richard Rankine (from 3 Jun 1932,
Sir Richard Rankine) (b. 1875 - d. 1961)
Oct 1937 - 1940 John Hathorn Hall (b. 1894 - d. 1979)
1941 - 1946 Sir Guy Pilling (b. 1886 - d. 1953)
1946 - 1951 Sir Vincent Goncalves Glenday (b. 1891 - d. 1970)
1952 - 1954 John Rankine (from 1 Jan 1954,
Sir John Rankine) (b. 1907 - d. 1987)
2 Nov 1954 - 1959 Henry Potter (from 31 May 1956,
Sir Henry Potter) (b. 1904 - d. 1976)
1959 - 1963 Sir George Mooring (b. 1908 - d. 1969)
1350 Kingdom of Ayutthaya
Dec 1767 Kingdom of Thonburi
6 Apr 1782 Kingdom of Krung Thep (Bangkok)
c.1856 Kingdom of Siam (this term comes into gradual official use)
24 Jun 1939 Kingdom of Thailand
8 Sep 1945 - 20 Jul 1949 name "Siam" authorized for foreign use
Kings
11 Jul 1688 - 1703 Phetracha (b. 1633? - d. 1703)
1703 - 1709 Luang Sorasak "Phra Chao Sua" (b. 1662 - d. 1709)
1709 - Jan 1733 Phumintharacha
Jan 1733 - 13 Apr 1758 Borommakot (b. c.1682 - d. 1758)
May 1758 - Aug 1758 Uthumphon
Aug 1758 - 7 Apr 1767 Ekatat
Dec 1767 - 6 Apr 1782 Taksin (b. 1734 - d. 1782)
- Chakkri dynastyš -
6 Apr 1782 - 7 Sep 1809 Buddha Yodfa = Rama I (b. 1737 - d. 1809)
7 Sep 1809 - 21 Jul 1824 Buddha Loetla = Rama II (b. 1768 - d. 1824)
21 Jul 1824 - 2 Apr 1851 Nangklao = Rama III (b. 1788 - d. 1851)
3 Apr 1851 - 1 Oct 1868 Mongkut = Rama IV (b. 1804 - d. 1868)
2 Oct 1868 - 23 Oct 1910 Chulalongkorn = Rama V (b. 1853 - d. 1910)
23 Oct 1910 - 26 Nov 1925 Vajiravudh = Rama VI (b. 1881 - d. 1925)
26 Nov 1925 - 2 Mar 1935 Prajadhipok = Rama VII (b. 1893 - d. 1941)
2 Mar 1935 - 9 Jun 1946 Ananda Mahidol = Rama VIII (b. 1925 - d. 1946)
7 Mar 1935 - 12 Aug 1935 Prince Oscar Anuvatana (b. 1883 - d. 1935)
(president of Council of Regency)
Aug 1935 - 31 Jul 1944 Prince Aditya Dibabha (b. 1904 - d. 1946)
(president of Council of Regency)
31 Jul 1944 - 5 Dec 1945 Pridi Banomyong (regent) (b. 1900 - d. 1983)
9 Jun 1946 - 13 Oct 2016 Bhumibol Adulyadej = Rama IX (b. 1927 - d. 2016)
Presidents of Council of Regency:
16 Jun 1946 - 24 Mar 1950 Prince Rangsit of Chainat
(1st time) (b. 1885 - d. 1951)
5 Jun 1950 - 6 Mar 1951 Prince Rangsit of Chainat
(2nd time) (s.a.)
Mar 1951 - 2 Dec 1951 Prince Dhani Nivat (b. 1885 - d. 1974)
13 Oct 2016 - 1 Dec 2016 Prem Tinsulanonda (regent) (b. 1920 - d. 2019)
1 Dec 2016 - Vajiralongkorn = Rama X (b. 1952)
Prime ministers
10 Dec 1932 - 24 Jun 1933 Phya Manopakornnitithada (b. 1884 - d. 1948)
24 Jun 1933 - 26 Dec 1938 Phya Phaholphonphayuhasena (b. 1889 - d. 1958)
26 Dec 1938 - 1 Aug 1944 Plaek Pibulsongkram (1st time) (b. 1897 - d. 1964)
1 Aug 1944 - 17 Jul 1945 Khuang Aphaiwong (1st time) (b. 1902 - d. 1968)
31 Aug 1945 - 17 Sep 1945 Thawi Bunyaket (b. 1904 - d. 1971)
17 Sep 1945 - 31 Jan 1946 Seni Pramoj (1st time) (b. 1905 - d. 1997)
31 Jan 1946 - 24 Mar 1946 Khuang Aphaiwong (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Mar 1946 - 23 Aug 1946 Pridi Banomyong (s.a.)
23 Aug 1946 - 9 Nov 1947 Thawan Thamrongnawasawat (b. 1901 - d. 1988)
10 Nov 1947 - 8 Apr 1948 Khuang Aphaiwong (3rd time) (s.a.)
8 Apr 1948 - 17 Sep 1957 Plaek Pibulsongkram (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Sep 1957 - 1 Jan 1958 Pote Sarasin (b. 1905 - d. 2000)
1 Jan 1958 - 20 Oct 1958 Thanom Kittikachorn (1st time) (b. 1911 - d. 2004)
20 Oct 1958 - 8 Dec 1963 Sarit Thanarat (b. 1908 - d. 1963)
(acting to 10 Feb 1959)
8 Dec 1963 - 14 Oct 1973 Thanom Kittikachorn (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting to 9 Dec 1963; chairman National Executive Council
26 Nov 1971 - 18 Dec 1972)
14 Oct 1973 - 27 Feb 1975 Sanya Thammasak (b. 1907 - d. 2002)
27 Feb 1975 - 17 Mar 1975 Seni Pramoj (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Mar 1975 - 20 Apr 1976 Kukrit Pramoj (b. 1911 - d. 1995)
20 Apr 1976 - 6 Oct 1976 Seni Pramoj (3rd time) (s.a.)
6 Oct 1976 - 23 Nov 1980 Sa-ngad Chaloryu (b. 1915 - d. 1980)
(chairman Administration Reform Council; from 20 Oct 1977,
chairman Revolutionary Council; from 12 Nov 1977,
chairman National Policy Council)
8 Oct 1976 - 20 Oct 1977 Thanin Kraivichien (b. 1927)
12 Nov 1977 - 3 Mar 1980 Kriangsak Chomanan (b. 1917 - d. 2003)
3 Mar 1980 - 4 Aug 1988 Prem Tinsulanonda (s.a.)
4 Aug 1988 - 23 Feb 1991 Chatichai Choonhavan (b. 1922 - d. 1998)
23 Feb 1991 - 7 Mar 1991 Sunthorn Kongsompong (b. 1931 - d. 1999)
(chairman National Peacekeeping Council)
7 Mar 1991 - 7 Apr 1992 Anand Panyarachun (1st time) (b. 1932)
7 Apr 1992 - 24 May 1992 Suchinda Kraprayoon (b. 1933)
24 May 1992 - 10 Jun 1992 Meechai Ruchupan (acting) (b. 1938)
10 Jun 1992 - 23 Sep 1992 Anand Panyarachun (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Sep 1992 - 13 Jul 1995 Chuan Leekpai (1st time) (b. 1938)
13 Jul 1995 - 1 Dec 1996 Banharn Silpa-archa (b. 1932 - d. 2016)
1 Dec 1996 - 9 Nov 1997 Chavalit Yongchaiyudh (b. 1932)
9 Nov 1997 - 9 Feb 2001 Chuan Leekpai (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Feb 2001 - 19 Sep 2006 Thaksin Shinawatra (b. 1949)
5 Apr 2006 - 23 May 2006 Chidchai Vanasatidya (b. 1946)
(acting for Thaksin)
19 Sep 2006 - 1 Oct 2006 Sonthi Boonyaratkalin (b. 1946)
(leader of Democratic Reform Council)
1 Oct 2006 - 29 Jan 2008 Surayud Chulanont (b. 1943)
29 Jan 2008 - 9 Sep 2008 Samak Sundaravej (b. 1935 - d. 2009)
9 Sep 2008 - 2 Dec 2008 Somchai Wongsawat (b. 1947)
(acting to 18 Sep 2008)
2 Dec 2008 - 15 Dec 2008 Chavarat Charnvirakul (acting) (b. 1936)
15 Dec 2008 - 8 Aug 2011 Abhisit Vejjajiva (b. 1964)
8 Aug 2011 - 7 May 2014 Yingluck Shinawatra (f) (b. 1967)
7 May 2014 - 22 May 2014 Niwattumrong Boonsongpaisan (b. 1948)
(acting)
22 May 2014 - 5 Sep 2023 Prayuth Chan-ocha (from 18 Sep
2014, Prayut Chan-o-cha) (b. 1954)
(director of Peace and Order Maintaining Command to 25 Aug 2014)
24 Aug 2022 - 30 Sep 2022 Prawit Wongsuwan (b. 1945)
(acting for suspended Prayut)
5 Sep 2023 - Srettha Thavisin (b. 1962)
šThe Chakkri rulers were often referred to as "the king of the first/second/etc. reign." During the king of the third reign, his two predecessors were referred to as "the First King" and "the Middle King," respectively; the then current king not wanting to be "the Last King," but careful to avoid referring to his predecessors "by name," erected two statues to represent them, gave names to the statues (Buddha Yodfa, Buddha Loetla), and made those names the "official" referents for the respective kings; he himself became Nangklao. Vajiravudh, the king of the sixth reign, decided in 1916 to refer henceforth to the rulers of the dynasty as Rama I, Rama II, and so on, he being Rama VI. This device was rejected by his successor Prajadhipok, the king of the seventh reign, but informally re-adopted later. It was quite commonly used by officials under the king of the ninth reign.
1259 Lanna kingdom founded
1558 under Burmese suzerainty
1774 under Thai suzerainty
1892 incorporated into Siam; royalty continues until 1939
Kings
1675 - 1707 Chephutarai
1707 - 1727 Mangraenara
1727 - 1759 Ong Kham
1759 - 1761 Chan
1761 - 1762 Khi Hut
1763 - 1768 Abhayagamani
1768 - 1771 Moyagamani
Princes (title Chao)
1775 - 1813 Kawila (b. 17... - d. 1813)
1813 - 1821 Thammalangka (b. c.1755 - d. 1821)
1821 - 1825 Kham Fan (b. c.1754 - d. 1825)
1825 - 1846 Phutthawong (b. ... - d. 1846)
1846 - 1854 Mahawong (b. ... - d. 1854)
1856 - 1870 Kavilorot (b. ... - d. 1870)
1871 - 1897 Inthavichayanon (b. 1817 - d. 1897)
1901 - 1911 Suriyawong
1911 - 1939 In Kaeo Nowarat
bf.1400 Patani kingdom founded
1786 Thai occupation
1816 split into 7 divisions (Patani, Rahman, Jalar, Sai, Legeh,
Jering, Nongcik)
1902 incorporated into Siam
Kings
1690 - 1707 Raja Mas Kelatan
1707 - 1710 Raja Mas Jayam (1st time)
1710 - 1719 Raja Dewi (f)
1719 - 1723 Raja Bendang Badan
1723 - 1724 Raja Laksamana Dajang
1724 - 1726 Raja Mas Jayam (2nd time)
1726 - 12 Aug 1729 Along Yunus (b. ... - d. 1729)
1729 - 1776 ...
1776 - 1786 Sultan Muhammad
1786 - 1791 Tengku Lamidin
1791 - 1808 Datok Pengkalan
1808 - 1815 Nai Khwan Sai
1815 - 1816 Nai Pai
1642 Portuguese colony (Portuguese Timor); subordinated to
Portuguese India
1844 subordinated to Macau
1896 separate colony
17 Dec 1941 - 20 Feb 1942 occupied by Dutch and Australian forces
20 Feb 1942 - 5 Sep 1945 occupied by Japan
28 Nov 1975 Democratic Republic of East Timor proclaimed
7 Dec 1975 occupied by Indonesia
17 Jul 1976 annexed by Indonesia (Timor Timur province)
20 Oct 1999 annexation rescinded
25 Oct 1999 UN administration
20 May 2002 independence (Democratic Republic of East Timor)
6 Aug 2003 Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (date of communication
to the United Nations that Portuguese name is to be left
untranslated)
Captain-major
1697 - 1702 Domingos da Costa
Governors
Feb 1702 - 1705 António Coelho Guerreiro
1705 - 1706 Lourenço Lopes
1706 - 1708 Manuel Ferreira de Almeida
(1st time)
1708 - 1709 Jácome de Morais Sarmento
1709 - 1714 Manuel de Souto-Maior
1714 Manuel Ferreira de Almeida
(2nd time)
1714 - 1718 Domingos da Costa
1718 - 1719 Francisco de Melo e Castro
1719 - 1722 Manuel de Santo António
1722 - 1725 António de Albuquerque Coelho
1725 - 1729 António Moniz de Macedo (1st time)
1729 - 1731 Pedro de Melo
1731 - 1734 Pedro de Rego Barreto da Gama e
Castro
1734 - 1739 António Moniz de Macedo (2nd time)
1741 - 1745 Manuel Leonís de Castro
1745 - 1748 Francisco Xavier Doutel
1748 - 1751 Manuel Correia de Lacerda
1751 - 1759 Manuel Doutel de Figueiredo Sarmento
1759 - 1760 Sebastiăo de Azevedo e Brito
1760 - 1763 vacant
1763 - 1765 Dionisio Gonçalves Rebelo Galvăo
1765 - 1768 vacant
1768 - 1776 António José Teles de Meneses
1776 - 1779 Caetano de Lemos Telo de Meneses
1779 - 1782 Lourenço de Brito Correia
1782 - 1785 Joăo Anselmo de Almeida Soares
1785 - 1788 Joăo Baptista Vieira Godinho
1788 - 1790 Feliciano António Nogueira Lisboa
1790 - 1794 Joaquim Xavier de Morais Sarmento
1794 - 1800 Joăo Baptista Verquaim
1800 - 1804 José Joaquim de Sousa
1804 - 1807 Joăo Vicente Soares da Veiga
1807 - 1810 António de Mendonça Corte-Real
1810 António Botelho Homem Bernardes
Pessőa
1812 - 1815 Vitorino Freire da Cunha Gusmăo
1815 - 1819 José Pinto Alcoforado de Azevedo
e Sousa
1821 - 1832 Manuel Joaquim de Matos Góis
1832 Miguel da Silveira Lorena
1834 - 1839 José Maria Marques
1839 - 1844 Frederico Leăo Cabreira
1844 - 1848 Juliăo José da Silva Vieira (b. 1793 - d. 1855)
1848 - 1851 António Olavo Monteiro Tôrres
1851 - 1852 José Joaquim Lopes de Lima (b. c.1797 - d. 1852)
1852 - 1856 Manuel de Saldanha da Gama
1856 - 1859 Luís Augusto de Almeida Macedo
1859 - 1863 Afonso de Castro (b. 1824 - d. 1885)
1863 - 1864 José Manuel Pereira de Almeida
1864 - 1866 José Eduardo da Costa Meneses
1866 - 1869 Francisco Teixeira da Silva (b. 1826 - d. 1894)
1870 - 1871 Joăo Clímaco de Carvalho
1873 - 1876 Hugo Goodair de Lacerda Castelo
Branco (1st time)
1876 - 1878 Joaquim António da Silva Ferrăo
1878 - 1880 Hugo Goodair de Lacerda Castelo
Branco (2nd time)
1880 - 1881 Augusto César Cardoso de Carvalho (b. 1836 - d. 1905)
1882 - 1883 Bento da França Pinto de Oliveira (b. 1833 - d. 1889)
1883 - 1885 Joăo Maria Pereira
1885 - 1887 Alfredo de Lacerda Maia
1887 - 1888 António Francisco da Costa
1888 - 1890 Raphael Jácome Lopes de Andrade (b. 1851 - d. 1900)
1891 - 1894 Cipriano Forjaz
1894 - 1908 José Celestino da Silva
1908 - 1909 Eduardo Augusto Marqués
1910 Alfredo Augusto Soveral Martins
1911 - 1917 Filomeno da Câmara Melo Cabral (b. 1873 - d. 1934)
1917 - 1919 Luís Augusto de Oliveira Franco
(acting)
1919 - 1921 Manuel Paulo de Sousa Gentil (b. 1870 - d. 1937)
1921 - 1923 José de Paiva Gomes
1924 - 1926 Raimundo Enes Meira
1926 - 1928 Teófilo Duarte (b. 1898 - d. 1958)
1929 - 1930 Cesário Augusto de Almeida Viana
1930 - 1933 Antonio Baptista Justo
1933 - 1936 Raúl de Antas Manso Preto Mendes
Cruz
1937 - 1939 Álvaro Eugenio Neves de Fontoura
1940 - 8 Dec 1945 Manuel de Abreu Ferreira de
Carvalho (b. 1893 - d. af.1956)
17 Dec 1941 - 1942 William Watt Leggatt (b. 1894 - d. 1968)
(commander of Australian forces)
17 Dec 1941 - 1942 Nico Leonard Willem van Straten (b. 1897 - d. 1968)
(commander of Dutch forces)
1942 - 194. Sadashichi Doi
(commander of Japanese forces)
1946 - 1950 Óscar Freire de Vasconcelos Ruas
31 Dec 1950 - 14 Jul 1958 César Maria de Serpa Rosa (b. 1899 - d. 1968)
14 Jul 1958 - 22 Jun 1959 Manuel Albuquerque Gonçalves de
Aguiar (acting)
22 Jun 1959 - Apr 1963 Filipe José Freire Temudo Barata (b. 1918 - d. 2003)
Apr 1963 - 1963 Francisco António Pires Barata
(acting)
1963 - 1968 José Alberty Correia
1968 - Jan 1972 José Nogueira Valente Pires (b. 1914 - d. 2010)
Jan 1972 - Jul 1974 Fernando Alves Aldeia
Jul 1974 - Nov 1974 Nívio Herdade (acting)
18 Nov 1974 - Dec 1975 Mário Lemos Pires (b. 1930 - d. 2009)
(from 27 Aug 1975 on Atauro Island)
Presidents (from 7 Dec 1975 in rebellion against Indonesian rule)
28 Nov 1975 - Sep 1978 Francisco Xavier do Amaral (b. 1937 - d. 2012)
Sep 1978 - 31 Dec 1978 Nicolau dos Reis Lobato (acting) (b. 1952 - d. 1978)
President of the Provisional Government
17 Dec 1975 - 17 Jul 1976 Arnaldo dos Reis Araújo (b. 1913 - d. 1988)
Governors
1976 - 1978 Arnaldo dos Reis Araújo (s.a.)
1978 - 1982 Guilherme Maria Gonçalves (b. 1919 - d. 1999)
18 Sep 1983 - 18 Sep 1992 Mário Viegas Carrascalăo (b. 1937 - d. 2017)
18 Sep 1992 - 25 Oct 1999 Abílio José Osório Soares (b. 1947 - d. 2007)
Administrators
25 Oct 1999 - 16 Nov 1999 Ian Martin (U.K.) (acting) (b. 1946)
16 Nov 1999 - 19 May 2002 Sérgio Vieira de Mello (Brazil) (b. 1948 - d. 2003)
Presidents
20 May 2002 - 20 May 2007 Xanana Gusmăo (b. 1946)
20 May 2007 - 20 May 2012 José Ramos-Horta (1st time) (b. 1949)
11 Feb 2008 - 13 Feb 2008 Vicente Guterres (b. 1955)
(acting for Ramos-Horta)
13 Feb 2008 - 17 Apr 2008 Fernando de Araújo (b. 1963 - d. 2015)
(acting for Ramos-Horta)
20 May 2012 - 20 May 2017 Taur Matan Ruak (b. 1956)
20 May 2017 - 20 May 2022 Francisco Guterres (b. 1954)
20 May 2022 - José Ramos-Horta (2nd time) (b. 1949)
Chief minister
20 Sep 2001 - 20 May 2002 Mari Alkatiri (b. 1949)
Prime ministers
20 May 2002 - 26 Jun 2006 Mari Alkatiri (1st time) (s.a.)
26 Jun 2006 - 19 May 2007 José Ramos-Horta (s.a.)
(acting to 10 Jul 2006)
19 May 2007 - 8 Aug 2007 Estanislau da Silva (b. 1952)
8 Aug 2007 - 16 Feb 2015 Xanana Gusmăo (1st time) (s.a.)
16 Feb 2015 - 15 Sep 2017 Rui Maria de Araújo (b. 1964)
15 Sep 2017 - 22 Jun 2018 Mari Alkatiri (2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Jun 2018 - 1 Jul 2023 Taur Matan Ruak (s.a.)
1 Jul 2023 - Xanana Gusmăo (2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Jul 1884 German protectorate
26 Aug 1914 British and French occupation
20 Jul 1922 League of Nations mandates
1946 United Nations trust territory
Commissioners (from 17 Nov 1893, Landeshauptleute; from 18 Apr 1898, governors)
6 Jul 1884 - 26 Jun 1885 Heinrich Randad
(provisional consul)
26 Jun 1885 - May 1887 Ernst Falkenthal (b. 1858 - d. 1911)
Jul 1887 - 17 Oct 1888 Jesco von Puttkamer (1st time) (b. 1855 - d. 1917)
(acting)
17 Oct 1888 - 14 Apr 1891 Eugen von Zimmerer (b. 1843 - d. 1918)
4 Jun 1892 - 13 Aug 1895 Jesco von Puttkamer (2nd time) (s.a.)
18 Nov 1895 - 20 Jan 1902 August Köhler (b. 1858 - d. 1902)
1 Dec 1902 - 27 Jul 1905 Waldemar Horn (b. 1864 - d. 19...)
27 Jul 1905 - 7 Nov 1910 Johann Nepomuk Julius Graf Zech
auf Neuhofen (b. 1868 - d. 1914)
31 Mar 1911 - 19 Jun 1912 Edmund Brückner (b. 1871 - d. 1935)
19 Jun 1912 - 26 Aug 1914 Adolf Friedrich Herzog von
Mecklenburg-Schwerin (b. 1873 - d. 1969)
1920 administered as part of Gold Coast (see Ghana)
6 Mar 1957 part of Ghana
Senior political officer
Jul 1919 - 1920 Francis Walter Fitton Jackson (b. 1881 - d. 1936)
1 Jan 1935 - 1937 administratively combined with Dahomey
30 Aug 1956 autonomy (Autonomous Republic of Togo)
5 Mar 1958 Republic of Togo
27 Apr 1960 independence (Togolese Republic)
Commissioners (1935-37 administrators-superior)
4 Sep 1916 - 27 Apr 1917 Gaston Léopold Joseph Fourn (b. 1868 - d. 1952)
27 Apr 1917 - 31 Jan 1922 Alfred Louis Woelffel (b. 1873 - d. 19...)
31 Jan 1922 - 27 Dec 1931 Auguste François Bonnecarrčre (b. 1875 - d. 1966)
(acting to 22 Dec 1922)
27 Dec 1931 - 18 Oct 1933 Robert de Guise (b. 1872 - d. 1940)
18 Oct 1933 - 7 May 1934 Léon Charles Alphonse Pętre (b. 1881 - d. 1956)
(acting)
7 May 1934 - 1 Jan 1935 Maurice Bourgine (b. 1879 - d. 1963)
1 Jan 1935 - 25 Sep 1936 Léon Geismar
25 Sep 1936 - 1 Jan 1941 Lucien Montagné (b. 1886 - d. 1942)
1 Jan 1941 - 19 Nov 1941 Léonce Joseph Delpech (b. 1886 - d. 1954)
(acting to 28 Aug 1941)
19 Nov 1941 - 12 Apr 1942 Jean-François de Saint-Alary (b. 1888 - d. 1970)
12 Apr 1942 - 31 Aug 1943 Pierre Jean André Saliceti (b. 1893 - d. 1946)
31 Aug 1943 - 10 Jan 1944 Albert Mercadier (acting)
10 Jan 1944 - 8 Mar 1948 Jean Noutary (b. 1896 - d. 1962)
(acting to 4 Nov 1944)
8 Mar 1948 - 20 Sep 1951 Jean Cédile (b. 1908 - d. 1984)
20 Sep 1951 - 25 Apr 1952 Yves Digo (b. 1897 - d. 1974)
25 Apr 1952 - 3 Feb 1955 Laurent Péchoux (b. 1904 - d. 2000)
3 Feb 1955 - 21 Sep 1956 Jean Bérard (b. 1910 - d. 1999)
(acting to 6 Aug 1955)
High commissioners
21 Sep 1956 - 23 Mar 1957 Jean Bérard (s.a.)
23 Mar 1957 - Jun 1957 Joseph Édouard Georges Rigal (b. 1908 - d. 1980)
(acting)
Jun 1957 - 27 Apr 1960 Georges Spénale (b. 1913 - d. 1983)
Presidents
27 Apr 1960 - 13 Jan 1963 Sylvanus Olympio (b. 1902 - d. 1963)
(Head of State to 12 Apr 1961)
13 Jan 1963 - 15 Jan 1963 Emmanuel Bodjollé (b. 1928)
(chairman Insurrection Committee)
16 Jan 1963 - 13 Jan 1967 Nicolas Grunitzky (b. 1913 - d. 1969)
(acting to 5 May 1963)
14 Jan 1967 - 14 Apr 1967 Kléber Dadjo (b. 1914 - d. 1979)
(chairman National Reconciliation Committee)
14 Apr 1967 - 5 Feb 2005 Étienne Eyadéma (from 8 May 1974,
Gnassingbé Eyadéma) (b. 1937 - d. 2005)
5 Feb 2005 - 25 Feb 2005 Faure Gnassingbé (1st time) (b. 1966)
(acting from 21 Feb 2005)
25 Feb 2005 - 4 May 2005 Abass Bonfoh (acting) (b. 1948 - d. 2021)
4 May 2005 - Faure Gnassingbé (2nd time) (s.a.)
Prime ministers
10 Sep 1956 - 16 May 1958 Nicolas Grunitzky (s.a.)
16 May 1958 - 12 Apr 1961 Sylvanus Olympio (s.a.)
27 Aug 1991 - 23 Apr 1994 Joseph Kokou Koffigoh (b. 1948)
23 Apr 1994 - 20 Aug 1996 Edem Kodjo (1st time) (b. 1938 - d. 2020)
20 Aug 1996 - 21 May 1999 Kwassi Klutse (b. 1945)
21 May 1999 - 31 Aug 2000 Eugene Koffi Adoboli (b. 1934?)
31 Aug 2000 - 29 Jun 2002 Agbéyomé Kodjo (b. 1954 - d. 2024)
29 Jun 2002 - 9 Jun 2005 Koffi Sama (b. 1944)
9 Jun 2005 - 20 Sep 2006 Edem Kodjo (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Sep 2006 - 6 Dec 2007 Yawovi Agboyibo (b. 1943 - d. 2020)
6 Dec 2007 - 8 Sep 2008 Komlan Mally (b. 1960)
8 Sep 2008 - 23 Jul 2012 Gilbert Houngbo (b. 1961)
23 Jul 2012 - 10 Jun 2015 Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu (b. 1958)
10 Jun 2015 - 28 Sep 2020 Komi Selom Klassou (b. 1960)
28 Sep 2020 - Victoire Tomegah Dogbé (f) (b. 1959)
bf.1600 Fakaofo (the senior polity) founded; Nukunonu and Atafu
later become independent
1889 British protectorate
29 Feb 1916 Tokelau (as Union Group) becomes part of the British
colony of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands (see Kiribati)
1925 separated from Gilbert and Ellice Islands; administered by the
governor-general of New Zealand
1926 governor-general's powers delegated to the administrator
of Western Samoa
1946 renamed Tokelau Islands
1 Jan 1949 attached to New Zealand
9 Dec 1976 renamed Tokelau
Rulers (title Aliki)
... - ... Letaiolo
... - ... Poufau
*1841* Taupe
1846 - 1852* Havaiki I
*1858* Lika
*1871* Longotahi
18.. - May 1881 Vaopuka
1881 - 1890* Te Taulu
*1892* Tavita Te Fuli
1902 - 29 Feb 1916 Ielemia Havaiki II
Rulers (title Aliki)
... - ... Sunga
... - ... Kakaia
... - ... Ngala
... - ... Ulua
... - ... Falevai
... - 29 Feb 1916 Takua
Rulers (title Aliki)
... - ... Toniua
... - ... Foli
... - ... Tongia
... - ... Fafie
... - 29 Feb 1916 Tuilaka
Administrators
1949 - Feb 1960 Guy Powles (b. 1905 - d. 1994)
Feb 1960 - 31 Mar 1965 John Bird Wright (b. 1909 - d. 1990)
Jun 1965 - 1968 Owston Paul Gabites (b. 1913 - d. 1993)
1968 - 1971 Richard Basil Taylor (b. 1920 - d. 2000)
1971 - 1972 Duncan MacIntyre (b. 1915 - d. 2001)
1972 - 1973 Matiu Rata (b. 1934 - d. 1997)
1973 - 1975 William Gray Thorp (b. 1922 - d. 1998)
1975 - 1984 Frank Henry Corner (b. 1920 - d. 2014)
1984 - 1988 Harold Huyton Francis (b. 1928 - d. 2016)
Feb 1988 - 1990 Neil Walter (1st time) (b. 1942)
1990 - Jan 1992 Graham Ansell (b. 1931)
Jan 1992 - Mar 1993 Brian Absolum (b. 1938 - d. 2018)
Mar 1993 - 28 Feb 2003 Lindsay Watt
1 Mar 2003 - 17 Oct 2006 Neil Walter (2nd time) (s.a.)
17 Oct 2006 - 2009 David Payton (b. 1952?)
2009 - 2011 John Allen (acting) (b. 1961)
2011 - 2015 Jonathan Kings (1st time) (b. 1961)
2015 - 2016 Linda Te Puni (f) (acting to 2016)
2017 - Aug 2017 David Nicholson
Aug 2017 - 2017 Brook Barrington (acting) (b. 1965)
2017 - 2018 Jonathan Kings (2nd time) (s.a.)
May 2018 - 2022 Ross Ardern (b. 1954)
2022 - Don Higgins
Heads of government (Ulu-o-Tokelau)
Feb 1993 - Feb 1994 Salesio Lui (1st time)
Feb 1994 - Feb 1995 Keli Neemia (b. 1940?)
Feb 1995 - Feb 1996 Lepaio Simi
Feb 1996 - Feb 1997 Pio Tuia (1st time) (b. 1943?)
Feb 1997 - Feb 1998 Falima Teao
Feb 1998 - Feb 1999 Kuresa Nasau (1st time) (b. 1943 - d. 2022)
Feb 1999 - Feb 2000 Pio Tuia (2nd time) (s.a.)
Feb 2000 - Feb 2001 Kolouei O'Brien (1st time) (b. 1939 - d. 2015)
Feb 2001 - Feb 2002 Kuresa Nasau (2nd time) (s.a.)
Feb 2002 - Feb 2003 Pio Tuia (3rd time) (s.a.)
Feb 2003 - Feb 2004 Kolouei O'Brien (2nd time) (s.a.)
Feb 2004 - Feb 2005 Patuki Isaako
Feb 2005 - 15 Feb 2006 Pio Tuia (4th time) (s.a.)
15 Feb 2006 - Feb 2007 Kolouei O'Brien (3rd time) (s.a.)
Feb 2007 - 23 Feb 2008 Kuresa Nasau (3rd time) (s.a.)
23 Feb 2008 - 21 Feb 2009 Pio Tuia (5th time) (s.a.)
21 Feb 2009 - 22 Mar 2010 Foua Toloa (1st time) (b. 1955 - d. 2015)
22 Mar 2010 - 11 Mar 2011 Kuresa Nasau (4th time) (s.a.)
11 Mar 2011 - Feb 2012 Foua Toloa (2nd time) (s.a.)
Feb 2012 - Mar 2013 Kelihiano Kalolo (1st time) (b. 1946)
Mar 2013 - Feb 2014 Salesio Lui (2nd time)
Feb 2014 - 23 Feb 2015 Kuresa Nasau (5th time) (s.a.)
23 Feb 2015 - 8 Mar 2016 Siopili Perez (1st time)
8 Mar 2016 - 6 Mar 2017 Afega Gaualofa (1st time)
6 Mar 2017 - 5 Mar 2018 Siopili Perez (2nd time)
5 Mar 2018 - 12 Mar 2019 Afega Gaualofa (2nd time)
12 Mar 2019 - 9 Mar 2020 Kelihiano Kalolo (2nd time) (s.a.)
9 Mar 2020 - 8 Mar 2021 Fofo Tuisano
8 Mar 2021 - 19 May 2022 Kelihiano Kalolo (3rd time) (s.a.)
19 May 2022 - 6 Mar 2023 Siopili Perez (3rd time)
6 Mar 2023 - 12 Mar 2024 Kelihiano Kalolo (4th time) (s.a.)
12 Mar 2024 - Alapati Tavite
4 Nov 1875 Kingdom of Tonga
1905 British protectorate
4 Jun 1970 independence
Rulers (title Tu'i Tonga)
17.. - 1770 Fatafehi Tu'i Pulotu 'i Langi
Tu'oteau
1770 - 1784 Fatafehi Paulaho (b. ... - d. 1784)
1784 - 1786 Fatafehi Ma'ulupekotofa
1786 - 1793 vacant
1793 - 1810 Fatafehi Fununuiava (b. 1765 - d. 1810)
1810 - 1827 vacant
1827 - 9 Dec 1865 Fatafehi Laufilitonga (from 1851,
Samuelio Fatafehi Laufilitonga) (b. 1797 - d. 1865)
Chiefs (title Tu'i Ha'atakalaua)
... - ... Mapa
... - ... Fuatakifolaha
... - 1777 Maealiuaki
1777 - 10 May 1799 Mulikiha'amea (b. ... - d. 1799)
Chiefs (title Tu'i Kanokupolu)
... - ... Tupoulahi
... - 1777 Maealiuaki
1777 - 1782 Tu'i Halafatai
1782 - 17.. Tupoulahisi'i
17.. - 1793 Mulikiha'amea (b. ... - d. 1799)
1793 Tupoumahe'ofo (f) (b. 1745 - d. 1793)
1793 - 29 Apr 1797 Tupou Mumui (b. 1733 - d. 1797)
1797 - 21 Apr 1799 Finau Tuku'aho (b. 1753 - d. 1799)
(regent 1793-97)
21 Apr 1799 - 22 Apr 1799 Ma'afu'olimuloa (b. 17... - d. 1799)
22 Apr 1799 - 1812 Tupou Malohi (b. 17... - d. 1812)
(in Fiji exile 1800-05)
1812 - 1820 Tupouto'a (b. 17... - d. 1820)
1820 - 1826 vacant
1826 - 18 Nov 1845 'Alea Motu'a Tupouifaletuipapai (b. ... - d. 1845)
(from 18 Jan 1830, Josiah Tupou)
18 Nov 1845 - 4 Nov 1875 Siaosi Taufa'ahau Tupou Maeakafa (b. 1797 - d. 1893)
Kings/Queens
4 Nov 1875 - 18 Feb 1893 George Tupou I (s.a.)
18 Feb 1893 - 5 Apr 1918 George Tupou II (b. 1874 - d. 1918)
5 Apr 1918 - 16 Dec 1965 Salote Tupou III (f) (b. 1900 - d. 1965)
16 Dec 1965 - 11 Sep 2006 Taufa'ahau Tupou IV (b. 1918 - d. 2006)
11 Sep 2006 - 18 Mar 2012 George Tupou V (b. 1948 - d. 2012)
18 Mar 2012 - Tupou VI (b. 1959)
Prime ministers
1876 - 18 Dec 1879 Tevita Unga (b. c.1824 - d. 1879)
Apr 1881 - Jul 1890 Shirley Waldemar Baker (b. 1836 - d. 1903)
Jul 1890 - 1893 Siaosi Tuku'aho (b. 1854 - d. 1897)
1893 - Jan 1905 Siosateki Tonga (b. 1853 - d. 1913)
Jan 1905 - 30 Sep 1912 Sione Mateialona (b. 1852 - d. 1925)
30 Sep 1912 - 30 Jun 1922 Tevita Tu'ivakano (b. 1869 - d. 1923)
30 Jun 1922 - Jul 1940 Uiliami Tupoulahi Tungi (b. 1887 - d. 1941)
Jul 1940 - 12 Dec 1949 Solomone Ula Ata (b. 1883 - d. 1950)
12 Dec 1949 - 16 Dec 1965 Crown Prince Tupouto'a Tungi
(= Taufa'ahau Tupou IV) (s.a.)
16 Dec 1965 - 21 Aug 1991 Prince Fatafehi Tu'ipelehake (b. 1922 - d. 1999)
21 Aug 1991 - 3 Jan 2000 Baron Vaea (b. 1921 - d. 2009)
3 Jan 2000 - 11 Feb 2006 Prince 'Ulukalala Lavaka Ata
(= Tupou VI) (s.a.)
11 Feb 2006 - 22 Dec 2010 Feleti Sevele (b. 1944)
(acting to 30 Mar 2006)
22 Dec 2010 - 30 Dec 2014 Tu'ivakano (b. 1952)
30 Dec 2014 - 12 Sep 2019 'Akilisi Pohiva (b. 1941 - d. 2019)
12 Sep 2019 - 8 Oct 2019 Semisi Sika (acting) (b. 1968)
8 Oct 2019 - 28 Dec 2021 Pohiva Tu'i'onetoa (b. 1951 - d. 2023)
28 Dec 2021 - Siaosi Sovaleni (b. 1970)
British consuls
1901 - 1909 Hamilton Hunter (b. 1845 - d. 1923)
1909 - 1913 W. Telfer Campbell (b. 1863 - d. 1929)
1913 - 1917 Henry Eugene Walter Grant (b. 1855 - d. 1934)
1917 - 1926 Islay McOwan (b. 1871 - d. 1948)
1926 - 1937 James Scott Neill (b. 1889 - d. 1958)
1937 - 1943 Arthur Leopold Armstrong (b. 1888 - d. 1973)
1943 - 1949 Charles Walter Trevor Johnson (b. 1893 - d. ...)
1949 - 1954 James Edward Windrum (b. 1895 - d. 1992)
1954 - 1957 Charles Robert Harley Nott (b. 1904 - d. 1997)
1957 - 1959 Archibald Cameron Reid (1st time) (b. 1915 - d. 1994)
1959 - 1965 Edward James Coode (b. 1918 - d. 2008)
1965 - 1970 Archibald Cameron Reid (2nd time) (s.a.)
late 18th century Ha'apai-Vava'u archipelago develops high degree of autonomy,
but subject to the Tu'i Tonga, and notionally the Tu'i
Kanokupolu, although the chiefs were often the most powerful
persons in all of Tonga
Mar 1833 incorporated into Tonga
Chiefs (nominally governors)
*1777 - 12 Jun 1797 Finau 'Ulukalala I 'i Ma'ufanga (b. 1748 - d. 1799)
1797 - 1799 Takitakimalohi
1799 - 1809 Finau 'Ulukalala II 'i Feletoa (b. c.1750 - d. 1809)
1809 - 1811 Finau 'Ulukalala III Moengangongo (b. c.1786 - d. 1811)
1811 - Mar 1833 Finau 'Ulukalala IV Tuabayi (b. ... - d. 1833)
1532 Spanish colony
18 Feb 1797 taken by Britain
1802 Spain formally cedes Trinidad to Britain
1 Jan 1889 part of Trinidad and Tobago
Governors
1699 - 1704 Francisco Ruíz de Aguirre
1704 - 1711 Felipe de Artieda
1711 - 1716 Cristóbal Félix de Guzmán
1716 - 1721 Pedro de Jara
1721 Juan de Orvay (acting)
1721 - 1726 Martín Pérez de Anda y Salazar
1726 - 1730 Agustín de Arredondo
1730 - 1733 Bartolomé de Aldunate y Rada
1733 - 1735 José Orbay + Pedro Ximenes (acting)
1735 - Jan 1746 Esteban Simón de Lińan y Vera
Jan 1746 - Jun 1746 Félix Espinosa de los Monteros
1746 - 7 Jan 1752 Juan José Salcedo
7 Jan 1752 - 17 Jan 1757 Francisco Manclares
17 Jan 1757 - 6 Apr 1760 Pedro de la Moneda
6 Apr 1760 - 1762 Jacinto San Juan
1762 - 5 Apr 1766 José Antonio Gil
5 Apr 1766 - 31 Mar 1773 José de Flores
31 Mar 1773 - 30 Dec 1776 Juan de Dios Váldez y Yarza
30 Dec 1776 - 11 Jul 1779 Manuel Falquez (military governor) (b. ... - d. 1779)
1776 - 31 Mar 1781 Martín de Salaverria
(civil governor)
31 Mar 1781 - 23 Jan 1784 Juan Francisco Machado
23 Jan 1784 - 18 Oct 1784 Antonio Barreto (acting)
18 Oct 1784 - 18 Feb 1797 José María Chacón
18 Feb 1797 - Apr 1797 Sir Ralph Abercromby (b. 1734 - d. 1801)
Apr 1797 - Jan 1803 Thomas Picton (b. 1758 - d. 1815)
Jan 1803 - Jul 1803 Commission
- William Fullarton (b. 1758 - d. 1808)
- Samuel Hood (b. 1762 - d. 1814)
- Thomas Picton (s.a.)
20 Jul 1803 - 25 Apr 1811 Sir Thomas Hislop (b. 1764 - d. 1843)
25 Apr 1811 - 4 Jun 1813 William Monro
4 Jun 1813 - Jan 1828 Sir Ralph James Woodford (b. 1784 - d. 1828)
Jan 1828 - Apr 1828 J.V. Capadose (acting)
Apr 1828 - 10 Mar 1829 Charles Felix Smith (b. 1786 - d. 1858)
10 Mar 1829 - 9 Jun 1833 Lewis Grant (from 13 Sep 1831,
Sir Lewis Grant) (b. ... - d. 1852)
9 Jun 1833 - 8 Mar 1839 Sir George Fitzgerald Hill (b. 1763 - d. 1839)
8 Mar 1839 - 13 Apr 1840 John Alexander Mein (acting)
13 Apr 1840 - 19 Apr 1846 Henry George Macleod
19 Apr 1846 - 10 Mar 1854 George Francis Robert Harris,
Baron Harris (b. 1810 - d. 1872)
10 Mar 1854 - 26 Jan 1857 Sir Charles Elliot (b. 1801 - d. 1875)
26 Jan 1857 - 6 Sep 1864 Robert William Keate (b. 1814 - d. 1873)
6 Sep 1864 - 24 Apr 1866 John Henry Thomas Manners-Sutton (b. 1814 - d. 1877)
24 Apr 1866 - 9 Nov 1866 Edward Everard Rushworth (acting) (b. 1818 - d. 1877)
9 Nov 1866 - 25 Jun 1870 Arthur Hamilton Gordon (b. 1829 - d. 1912)
25 Jun 1870 - 2 Apr 1874 James Robert Longden (b. 1827 - d. 1891)
2 Apr 1874 - 26 Apr 1874 William Wellington Cairns (b. 1828 - d. 1888)
26 Apr 1874 - 20 Nov 1874 John Scott Bushe (1st time) (b. 1825 - d. 1887)
(acting)
20 Nov 1874 - 27 Aug 1880 Henry Turner Irving (from 25 May
1878, Sir Henry Turner Irving) (b. 1833 - d. 1923)
27 Aug 1880 - 2 Nov 1880 William Alexander George Young (b. 1827 - d. 1885)
(acting)
2 Nov 1880 - 27 Mar 1884 Sir Sanford Freeling (b. 1828 - d. 1894)
27 Mar 1884 - 19 Jun 1884 John Scott Bushe (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
19 Jun 1884 - 8 Aug 1884 Sir Frederick Palgrave Barlee (b. 1827 - d. 1884)
8 Aug 1884 - 20 Jan 1885 John Scott Bushe (3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
20 Jan 1885 - 2 Oct 1885 Sir Arthur Elibank Havelock (b. 1844 - d. 1908)
2 Oct 1885 - 9 Oct 1885 David Wilson (acting) (b. 1838 - d. 1924)
9 Oct 1885 - 31 Dec 1888 Sir William Robinson (b. 1836 - d. 1912)
1628 Dutch colony (Nieuw Walcheren)
1684 neutral territory
1762 British colony (Tobago)
2 Jun 1781 - 15 Apr 1793 French rule
1802 - 1803 French rule
1833 part of the Windward Islands (see under Grenada)
1 Jan 1889 part of Trinidad and Tobago
1980 autonomy
Lieutenant governors
12 Nov 1764 - Jul 1766 Alexander Brown (b. ... - d. 1766)
2 Dec 1766 - 16 Oct 1767 William Hill
16 Oct 1767 - 1769 Roderick Gwynne
1769 - 1771 Robert William Stewart (acting)
1771 - 1777 William Young (b. ... - d. 1788)
1777 - 1779 Peter Campbell (acting) (b. ... - d. 1779)
1779 - 1781 John Graham (acting)
1781 - 2 Jun 1781 George Ferguson
Governors
2 Jun 1781 - 1784 Philibert François Rouxel de
Blanchelande (b. 1735 - d. 1793)
1784 - 1786 René Marie, vicomte d'Arrot
1786 - 1789 Arthur, comte Dillon (b. 1750 - d. 1794)
1789 - 1792 Antoine de Jobal de Poigny
1792 - 1793 Philippe Marie de Marguenat
1793 - 15 Apr 1793 Laroque de Monteil
1793 - 1794 William Myers (acting)
1794 - 1795 George Poyntz Ricketts (b. 1749 - d. 1800)
1795 - 1796 William Lindsay (b. 17... - d. 1796)
1797 - 1799 Stephen de Lancey (b. 17... - d. 1799)
1799 - 1800 Joseph Robley (1st time) (acting)
1800 Richard Master (b. 17... - d. 1800)
1800 - 1801 Joseph Robley (2nd time) (acting)
1801 - 1802 Hugh Lyle Carmichael (acting) (b. 1764 - d. 1813)
7 Nov 1802 - 26 Dec 1802 François de Sahuguet d'Amarzit (b. 1756 - d. 1802)
1803 César Berthier (b. 1765 - d. 1819)
30 Jun 1803 - Jul 1803 Thomas Picton (acting)
Jul 1803 - Aug 1803 William Johnstone (acting)
Aug 1803 - Jul 1804 Donald MacDonald (acting) (b. 17... - d. 1804)
Jul 1804 - 1807 John Halkett (b. 1768 - d. 1852)
1807 - 1815 Sir William Young (b. 1749 - d. 1815)
1816 - 1827 Sir Frederick Philipse Robinson (b. 1763 - d. 1852)
1828 - 1833 Nathaniel Blackwell
Lieutenant governors
1833 - 1845 Henry Charles Darling (b. 1780 - d. 1845)
1845 - 14 Dec 1850 Lawrence Graeme (b. 1796 - d. 1850)
1851 David Robert Ross (b. ... - d. 1851)
1852 Dominick Daly (b. 1798 - d. 1868)
1852 - Feb 1854 Henry Yates (acting)
Feb 1854 - 1856 Willoughby Shortland (b. 1804 - d. 1869)
1856 James Kirk (acting)
1856 - 1857 James Henry Keens (acting)
Jun 1857 - 1864 James Vickery Drysdale
1865 - 1872 Cornelius Hendericksen Kortright (b. 1817 - d. 1897)
1872 - 1875 Herbert Taylor Ussher (b. 1836 - d. 1880)
1875 - 1877 Robert William Harley (b. 1829 - d. 1892)
Administrators
1877 - 1880 Augustus Frederick Gore (b. 1826 - d. 1887)
1880 - 1882 Edward Laborde (b. 1826 - d. 1898)
1883 - 1885 John Worrell Carrington (b. 1847 - d. 1913)
1885 Loraine Geddes Hay (b. 1847 - d. 1904)
1885 - 1888 Robert Baxter Llewelyn (b. 1845 - d. 1919)
Commissioners
1888 - 1892 Loraine Geddes Hay (s.a.)
1892 Thomas Crossley Rayner (acting) (b. 1860 - d. 1914)
Dec 1892 - 1897 William Low
1897 Samuel William Knaggs (acting) (b. 1856 - d. 1924)
1897 - 1 Jan 1899 Joseph Clanfergael O'Halloran (b. 1846 - d. 1922)
(acting)
Chairmen of the House of Assembly
Dec 1980 - 16 Dec 1986 A.N.R. Robinson (b. 1926 - d. 2014)
16 Dec 1986 - 31 Oct 1989 Jeff Davidson (b. 1927? - d. 2023)
1 Nov 1989 - Dec 1996 Lennox Denoon (b. 1930 - d. 2007)
Chief secretaries of the House of Assembly
Dec 1996 - 31 Jan 2001 Hochoy Charles (b. 1946 - d. 2023)
1 Feb 2001 - 26 Jan 2017 Orville London (b. 1945)
26 Jan 2017 - 30 Apr 2020 Kelvin Charles (b. 1957)
30 Apr 2020 - 6 May 2020 Joel Jack (acting)
6 May 2020 - 9 Dec 2021 Ancil Dennis (b. 1987)
9 Dec 2021 - Farley Chavez Augustine (b. 1985)
1 Jan 1889 Trinidad and Tobago united
3 Jan 1958 - 31 May 1962 part of the Federation of the West Indies (with Antigua,
Barbados, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica,
Montserrat, St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla, St. Lucia,
St. Vincent, and Turks and Caicos Islands)
31 Aug 1962 independence
1 Aug 1976 Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
Governors
1 Jan 1889 - 1891 Sir William Robinson (s.a.)
19 Aug 1891 - 26 Nov 1896 Sir Frederick Napier Broome (b. 1842 - d. 1896)
2 Jun 1897 - 1900 Sir Hubert Edward Henry Jerningham (b. 1842 - d. 1914)
4 Dec 1900 - 1904 Sir Alfred Moloney (b. 1848 - d. 1913)
30 Aug 1904 - 29 Aug 1908 Sir Henry Moore Jackson (b. 1849 - d. 1908)
11 May 1909 - Jan 1916 Sir George Ruthven Le Hunte (b. 1852 - d. 1925)
1 Jun 1916 - 1921 Sir John Robert Chancellor (b. 1870 - d. 1952)
1 Jan 1922 - 1924 Sir Samuel Herbert Wilson (b. 1873 - d. 1950)
22 Nov 1924 - 1929 Sir Horace Byatt (b. 1875 - d. 1933)
Aug 1929 - Mar 1930 Selwyn Macgregor Grier (acting) (b. 1878 - d. 1946)
22 Mar 1930 - 1936 Sir Claud Hollis (b. 1874 - d. 1961)
17 Sep 1936 - 1938 Sir Murchison Fletcher (b. 1878 - d. 1954)
8 Jul 1938 - 1942 Sir Hubert Winthrop Young (b. 1885 - d. 1950)
8 Jun 1942 - 1947 Sir Bede Edmund Hugh Clifford (b. 1890 - d. 1969)
7 Mar 1947 - 1950 Sir John Valentine Wistar Shaw (b. 1894 - d. 1982)
19 Apr 1950 - 1955 Sir Hubert Rance (b. 1898 - d. 1974)
23 Jun 1955 - 1960 Sir Edward Beetham (b. 1905 - d. 1979)
4 Jul 1960 - 31 Aug 1962 Sir Solomon Hochoy (b. 1905 - d. 1983)
Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
31 Aug 1962 - 15 Sep 1972 Sir Solomon Hochoy (s.a.)
15 Sep 1972 - 31 Jan 1973 Sir Arthur McShine (acting) (b. 1906 - d. 1983)
31 Jan 1973 - 1 Aug 1976 Sir Ellis Clarke (b. 1917 - d. 2010)
Presidents
1 Aug 1976 - 13 Mar 1987 Ellis Clarke (s.a.)
(interim to 29 Jan 1977)
13 Mar 1987 - 19 Mar 1987 Michael Williams (acting) (b. 1929)
19 Mar 1987 - 19 Mar 1997 Noor Hassanali (b. 1918 - d. 2006)
19 Mar 1997 - 17 Mar 2003 A.N.R. Robinson (b. 1926 - d. 2014)
17 Mar 2003 - 18 Mar 2013 George Maxwell Richards (b. 1931 - d. 2018)
18 Mar 2013 - 19 Mar 2018 Anthony Carmona (b. 1953)
19 Mar 2018 - 20 Mar 2023 Paula-Mae Weekes (f) (b. 1958)
20 Mar 2023 - Christine Kangaloo (f) (b. 1961)
Prime ministers
28 Oct 1956 - 29 Mar 1981 Eric Williams (b. 1911 - d. 1981)
(chief minister to 9 Jul 1959, then premier to Dec 1961)
30 Mar 1981 - 18 Dec 1986 George Chambers (b. 1928 - d. 1997)
18 Dec 1986 - 17 Dec 1991 A.N.R. Robinson (s.a.)
17 Dec 1991 - 9 Nov 1995 Patrick Manning (1st time) (b. 1946 - d. 2016)
9 Nov 1995 - 24 Dec 2001 Basdeo Panday (b. 1933 - d. 2024)
24 Dec 2001 - 26 May 2010 Patrick Manning (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 May 2010 - 9 Sep 2015 Kamla Persad-Bissessar (f) (b. 1952)
9 Sep 2015 - Keith Rowley (b. 1949)
Governor-general
3 Jan 1958 - 31 May 1962 Patrick George Thomas
Buchan-Hepburn, Baron Hailes (b. 1901 - d. 1974)
Prime minister
18 Apr 1958 - 31 May 1962 Sir Grantley Herbert Adams (b. 1898 - d. 1971)
1574 incorporation into Ottoman Empire, with varying and
ultimately increased autonomy
15 Jul 1705 Tunisian Regency under de facto hereditary Husayni dynasty
25 Oct 1871 while continuing to recognize nominal Ottoman suzerainty,
Bey ceases paying tribute
12 May 1881 becomes French protectorate by treaty
20 Mar 1956 French protectorate terminated, independent Tunisian Realm
(literally Tunisian Kingdom) inaugurated (this style already
appears on 1950 coins)
25 Jul 1957 Tunisian Republic
Beysš
- Banu al-Husayn dynasty -
15 Jul 1705 - 7 Sep 1735 al-Husayn (b. 1669 - d. 1740)
7 Sep 1735 - 22 Sep 1756 Ali (b. 1689 - d. 1756)
22 Sep 1756 - 11 Feb 1759 Muhammad ar-Rashid (b. 1710 - d. 1759)
(in rebellion from Aug 1756)
12 Feb 1759 - 9 Feb 1777 Ali (b. 1712 - d. 1782)
9 Feb 1777 - 15 Sep 1814 Hammuda (b. 1759 - d. 1814)
16 Sep 1814 - 21 Nov 1814 `Uthman (b. 1763 - d. 1814)
21 Nov 1814 - 28 Mar 1824 Mahmud (b. 1757 - d. 1824)
29 Mar 1824 - 20 May 1835 al-Husayn (b. 1784 - d. 1835)
20 May 1835 - 10 Oct 1837 al-Mustafa (b. 1786 - d. 1837)
10 Oct 1837 - 30 May 1855 Ahmad (b. 1806 - d. 1855)
30 May 1855 - 22 Sep 1859 Muhammad (b. 1810 - d. 1859)
23 Sep 1859 - 27 Oct 1882 Muhammad as-Sadiq (b. 1813 - d. 1882)
28 Oct 1882 - 11 Jun 1902 Ali Muddat (b. 1817 - d. 1902)
11 Jun 1902 - 11 May 1906 Muhammad al-Hadi (b. 1855 - d. 1906)
11 May 1906 - 10 Jul 1922 Muhammad an-Nasir (b. 1855 - d. 1922)
10 Jul 1922 - 11 Feb 1929 Muhammad al-Habib (b. 1858 - d. 1929)
11 Feb 1929 - 19 Jun 1942 Ahmad (b. 1862 - d. 1942)
19 Jun 1942 - 15 May 1943 Muhammad al-Munsif (b. 1881 - d. 1948)
15 May 1943 - 25 Jul 1957 Muhammad al-Amin (b. 1881 - d. 1962)
Presidents
25 Jul 1957 - 7 Nov 1987 Habib Bourguiba (b. 1903 - d. 2000)
7 Nov 1987 - 14 Jan 2011 Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (b. 1936 - d. 2019)
14 Jan 2011 - 15 Jan 2011 Mohamed Ghannouchi (interim) (b. 1941)
15 Jan 2011 - 13 Dec 2011 Fouad Mebazaa (interim) (b. 1933)
13 Dec 2011 - 31 Dec 2014 Moncef Marzouki (b. 1945)
31 Dec 2014 - 25 Jul 2019 Béji Caďd Essebsi (b. 1926 - d. 2019)
25 Jul 2019 - 23 Oct 2019 Mohamed Ennaceur (interim) (b. 1934)
23 Oct 2019 - Kaďs Saďed (b. 1958)
Prime ministers
1800 - 23 Jan 1815 Sidi Yusuf Sahib al-Tabi (b. 17... - d. 1815)
1822 - 1829 Sidi Husain Khoja (b. ... - d. bf.1858)
1829 - 1837 Sidi Rashid al-Shakir Sahib
al-Taba`a (b. c.1795 - d. 1837)
1837 - 22 Oct 1873 Mustapha Khaznadar (b. 1817 - d. 1878)
22 Oct 1873 - 21 Jul 1877 Kheireddine Pacha (b. 1822 - d. 1890)
21 Jul 1877 - 24 Aug 1878 Mohamed Khaznadar (1st time) (b. c.1810 - d. 1889)
24 Aug 1878 - 12 Sep 1881 Mustapha Ben Ismaďl (b. ... - d. 1887)
12 Sep 1881 - Oct 1882 Mohamed Khaznadar (2nd time) (s.a.)
Oct 1882 - 4 Feb 1907 Aziz Bouattour (b. 1825 - d. 1907)
18 Feb 1907 - Jun 1908 Mhamed Djellouli (b. 1834 - d. 1908)
Jun 1908 - Jun 1915 Youssef Djaďt (b. 1830 - d. 1915)
Oct 1915 - May 1922 Taieb Djellouli (b. 1857 - d. 1944)
May 1922 - 20 Oct 1926 Mustapha Dinguizli (b. 1865 - d. 1926)
3 Nov 1926 - 2 Mar 1932 Khelil Bouhageb (b. 1863 - d. 1942)
2 Mar 1932 - 31 Dec 1942 Hédi Lakhoua (b. 1872 - d. 1949)
1 Jan 1943 - 15 May 1943 M'Hamed Chenik (1st time) (b. 1889 - d. 1976)
15 May 1943 - 21 Jul 1947 Slaheddine Baccouche (1st time) (b. 1883 - d. 1959)
21 Jul 1947 - 17 Aug 1950 Mustapha Kaak (b. 1893 - d. 1984)
17 Aug 1950 - 26 Mar 1952 M'Hamed Chenik (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Apr 1952 - 2 Mar 1954 Slaheddine Baccouche (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Mar 1954 - 6 Jul 1954 Mohamed Salah Mzali (b. 1896 - d. af.1972)
6 Jul 1954 - 7 Aug 1954 Georges Dupoizat (acting) (b. 1909 - d. 1975)
7 Aug 1954 - 11 Apr 1956 Tahar Ben Ammar (b. 1885 - d. 1985)
11 Apr 1956 - 25 Jul 1957 Habib Bourguiba (s.a.)
7 Nov 1969 - 2 Nov 1970 Bahi Ladgham (b. 1913 - d. 1998)
2 Nov 1970 - 23 Apr 1980 Hédi Nouira (b. 1911 - d. 1993)
23 Apr 1980 - 8 Jul 1986 Mohamed Mzali (b. 1925 - d. 2010)
8 Jul 1986 - 2 Oct 1987 Rachid Sfar (b. 1933 - d. 2023)
2 Oct 1987 - 7 Nov 1987 Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (s.a.)
7 Nov 1987 - 27 Sep 1989 Hédi Baccouche (b. 1930 - d. 2020)
27 Sep 1989 - 17 Nov 1999 Hamed Karoui (b. 1927 - d. 2020)
17 Nov 1999 - 27 Feb 2011 Mohamed Ghannouchi (s.a.)
27 Feb 2011 - 24 Dec 2011 Béji Caďd Essebsi (s.a.)
24 Dec 2011 - 14 Mar 2013 Hamadi Jebali (b. 1949)
14 Mar 2013 - 29 Jan 2014 Ali Larayedh (b. 1955)
29 Jan 2014 - 6 Feb 2015 Mehdi Jomaa (b. 1962)
6 Feb 2015 - 27 Aug 2016 Habib Essid (b. 1949)
27 Aug 2016 - 27 Feb 2020 Youssef Chahed (b. 1975)
22 Aug 2019 - 13 Sep 2019 Kamel Morjane (b. 1948)
(acting for Chahed)
27 Feb 2020 - 2 Sep 2020 Elyes Fakhfakh (b. 1972)
2 Sep 2020 - 25 Jul 2021 Hichem Mechichi (b. 1974)
11 Oct 2021 - 1 Aug 2023 Najla Bouden Romdhane (f) (b. 1958)
1 Aug 2023 - Ahmed Hachani (b. 1956)
French resident ministers (from 23 Jun 1885, residents-general)
13 May 1881 - 28 Feb 1882 Théodore Roustan (b. 1833 - d. 1906)
28 Feb 1882 - 28 Oct 1886 Paul Cambon (b. 1843 - d. 1924)
23 Nov 1886 - 5 Nov 1892 Justin Massicault (b. 1838 - d. 1892)
Nov 1892 - 14 Nov 1894 Charles Rouvier (b. 1849 - d. 1915)
14 Nov 1894 - Nov 1900 René Millet (b. 1849 - d. 1919)
Nov 1900 - 27 Dec 1901 Georges Benoit (interim) (b. 1849 - d. 1907)
27 Dec 1901 - 1906 Stephen Pichon (b. 1857 - d. 1933)
7 Feb 1907 - 26 Oct 1918 Gabriel Alapetite (b. 1854 - d. 1932)
26 Oct 1918 - 1 Jan 1921 Étienne Flandin (b. 1853 - d. 1922)
1 Jan 1921 - 2 Jan 1929 Lucien Saint (b. 1867 - d. 1938)
18 Feb 1929 - 29 Jul 1933 François Manceron (b. 1872 - d. 1937)
29 Jul 1933 - 21 Mar 1936 Marcel Peyrouton (1st time) (b. 1887 - d. 1983)
17 Apr 1936 - 18 Oct 1938 Armand Guillon (b. 1880 - d. 1968)
22 Nov 1938 - 3 Jun 1940 Eirik Labonne (b. 1888 - d. 1971)
3 Jun 1940 - 22 Jul 1940 Marcel Peyrouton (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Jul 1940 - 10 May 1943 Jean-Pierre Esteva (b. 1880 - d. 1951)
10 May 1943 - 22 Feb 1947 Charles Emmanuel Mast (b. 1889 - d. 1977)
22 Feb 1947 - 13 Jun 1950 Jean Mons (b. 1906 - d. 1989)
13 Jun 1950 - 13 Jan 1952 Louis Périllier (b. 1900 - d. 1986)
13 Jan 1952 - 2 Sep 1953 Jean de Hauteclocque (b. 1893 - d. 1957)
2 Sep 1953 - 5 Nov 1954 Pierre Voizard (b. 1896 - d. 1982)
5 Nov 1954 - 31 Aug 1955 Pierre Boyer de Latour (b. 1896 - d. 1976)
High commissioner
13 Sep 1955 - 20 Mar 1956 Roger Seydoux Fornier de Clausonne (b. 1908 - d. 1985)
šFull style (from 1735) Basha Bay Tunis, Sahib al-Mamlaka al-Tunisiyya, i.e., Pasha Bey of Tunis, Lord of the Tunisian Realm; in French Bey de Tunis, Seigneur de la Régence de Tunis.
1473 Ottoman (or Osmanli) Empire
1 Nov 1922 State of Turkey
29 Oct 1923 Republic of Turkey
1 Jun 2022 Republic of Türkiye (communication to UN that Turkish name
is to be used in all languages)
Rulers (title Padishah, Hünkar)š
- Osman dynasty -
6 Feb 1695 - 22 Aug 1703 Mustafa II "Gazi" (b. 1664 - d. 1703)
22 Aug 1703 - 1 Oct 1730 Ahmet III (b. 1673 - d. 1736)
2 Oct 1730 - 13 Dec 1754 Mahmut I "Gazi," "Kambur" (b. 1696 - d. 1754)
14 Dec 1754 - 30 Oct 1757 Osman III (b. 1696 - d. 1757)
30 Oct 1757 - 21 Jan 1774 Mustafa III (b. 1717 - d. 1774)
21 Jan 1774 - 7 Apr 1789 Abdülhamit I (b. 1725 - d. 1789)
7 Apr 1789 - 29 May 1807 Selim III "Cilhandar," "Ilhami" (b. 1761 - d. 1808)
29 May 1807 - 28 Jul 1808 Mustafa IV (b. 1779 - d. 1808)
28 Jul 1808 - 1 Jul 1839 Mahmut II "Adlî" (b. 1785 - d. 1839)
1 Jul 1839 - 25 Jun 1861 Abdülmecit I "Gazi" (b. 1823 - d. 1861)
25 Jun 1861 - 30 May 1876 Abdülaziz I (b. 1830 - d. 1876)
30 May 1876 - 31 Aug 1876 Murat V (b. 1840 - d. 1904)
31 Aug 1876 - 27 Apr 1909 Abdülhamit II "Gazi," "Kanli,"
"Bedros" (b. 1842 - d. 1918)
27 Apr 1909 - 3 Jul 1918 Mehmet V Resat "Gazi" (b. 1844 - d. 1918)
3 Jul 1918 - 1 Nov 1922 Mehmet VI Vahidettin (b. 1861 - d. 1926)
Speaker of the Turkish Grand National Assembly
1 Nov 1922 - 29 Oct 1923 Mustafa Kemal Pasha (b. 1881 - d. 1938)
Presidents
29 Oct 1923 - 10 Nov 1938 Mustafa Kemal Pasha (from 1 Jan
1935, Kemal Atatürk) (s.a.)
10 Nov 1938 - 11 Nov 1938 Mustafa Abdülhalik Renda (acting) (b. 1881 - d. 1957)
11 Nov 1938 - 22 May 1950 Ismet Inönü (b. 1884 - d. 1973)
22 May 1950 - 27 May 1960 Mahmut Celal Bayar (b. 1883 - d. 1986)
27 May 1960 - 28 Mar 1966 Cemal Gürsel (b. 1895 - d. 1966)
(chairman Committee of National Unity to 28 May 1960,
Head of State 28 May 1960 - 26 Oct 1961)
28 Mar 1966 - 29 Mar 1973 Cevdet Sunay (b. 1900 - d. 1982)
29 Mar 1973 - 6 Apr 1973 Tekin Ariburun (acting) (b. 1903 - d. 1993)
6 Apr 1973 - 6 Apr 1980 Fahri Korutürk (b. 1903 - d. 1987)
6 Apr 1980 - 12 Sep 1980 Ihsan Sabri Çaglayangil (acting) (b. 1908 - d. 1993)
12 Sep 1980 - 9 Nov 1989 Kenan Evren (b. 1917 - d. 2015)
(chairman National Security Council to 27 Oct 1980,
Head of State 27 Oct 1980 - 12 Nov 1982)
9 Nov 1989 - 17 Apr 1993 Turgut Özal (b. 1927 - d. 1993)
17 Apr 1993 - 16 May 1993 Hüsamettin Cindoruk (acting) (b. 1933)
16 May 1993 - 16 May 2000 Süleyman Demirel (b. 1924 - d. 2015)
16 May 2000 - 28 Aug 2007 Ahmet Necdet Sezer (b. 1941)
28 Aug 2007 - 28 Aug 2014 Abdullah Gül (b. 1950)
28 Aug 2014 - Recep Tayyip Erdogan (b. 1954)
Grand viziers
11 Sep 1697 - 4 Sep 1702 Amcazade Hüseyin Pasha (b. 1644 - d. 1702)
4 Sep 1702 - 24 Jan 1703 Daltaban Mustafa Pasha (b. ... - d. 1703)
24 Jan 1703 - 22 Aug 1703 Rami Mehmed Pasha (b. 1654 - d. 1706)
22 Aug 1703 - 17 Nov 1703 Kavanoz Nisanci Ahmed Pasha (b. ... - d. 1705)
17 Nov 1703 - 28 Sep 1704 Damad Hasan Pasha (b. 1655 - d. 1713)
28 Sep 1704 - 25 Dec 1704 Kalaylikoz Haci Ahmed Pasha (b. 1645 - d. 1715)
25 Dec 1704 - 3 May 1706 Baltaci Mehmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1660 - d. 1712)
3 May 1706 - 16 Jun 1710 Damad Çorlulu Ali Pasha (b. 1670 - d. 1711)
16 Jun 1710 - 18 Aug 1710 Köprülüzade Damad Numan Pasha (b. 1670 - d. 1719)
18 Aug 1710 - 20 Nov 1711 Baltaci Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
20 Nov 1711 - 12 Nov 1712 Aga Yusuf Pasha (b. ... - d. 1714)
12 Nov 1712 - 6 Apr 1713 Silahdar Süleyman Pasha (3rd time)
6 Apr 1713 - 27 Apr 1713 Ibrahim Hoca Pasha
27 Apr 1713 - 5 Aug 1716 Sehid Damad Silahdar Ali Pasha (b. 1667 - d. 1716)
5 Aug 1716 - 26 Aug 1717 Haci Halil Pasha (b. 1655 - d. 1733)
26 Aug 1717 - 9 May 1718 Nisanci Mehmed Pasha (b. 1670 - d. 1728)
9 May 1718 - 1 Oct 1730 Nevsehirli Damad Ibrahim Pasha (b. 1670 - d. 1730)
1 Oct 1730 - 22 Jan 1731 Damad Silahdar Mehmed Pasha (b. ... - d. 1737)
22 Jan 1731 - 10 Sep 1731 Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha (b. ... - d. 1742)
10 Sep 1731 - 12 Mar 1732 Topal Osman Pasha (b. ... - d. 1732/33)
12 Mar 1732 - 12 Jul 1735 Hekimoglu Ali Pasha (1st time) (b. 1689 - d. 1758)
12 Jul 1735 - 9 Jan 1736 Gürcü Ismail Pasha
9 Jan 1736 - 6 Aug 1737 Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (b. ... - d. 1756)
6 Aug 1737 - 19 Dec 1737 Muhsinzade Abdullah Çelebi (b. 1660 - d. 1749)
19 Dec 1737 - 22 Mar 1739 Yegen Mehmed Pasha (b. ... - d. 1745)
22 Mar 1739 - 23 Jun 1740 Haci Ivazzade Mehmed Pasha (b. 1675 - d. 1743)
23 Jun 1740 - 21 Apr 1742 Nisanci Haci Ahmed Pasha
21 Apr 1742 - 23 Sep 1742 Hekimoglu Ali Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
23 Sep 1742 - 9 Aug 1746 Said Hasan Pasha (b. 1679 - d. 1748)
9 Aug 1746 - 24 Aug 1747 Tiryaki Haci Mehmed Pasha (b. 1680 - d. 1751)
24 Aug 1747 - 3 Jan 1750 Boynuegri Seyyid Abdullah Pasha (b. ... - d. 1761)
3 Jan 1750 - 1 Jul 1752 Divitdar Mehmed Pasha
1 Jul 1752 - 15 Feb 1755 Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha
(1st time) (b. ... - d. 1765)
15 Feb 1755 - 18 May 1755 Hekimoglu Ali Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
18 May 1755 - 24 Aug 1755 Naili Abdullah Pasha (b. 1698 - d. 1758)
24 Aug 1755 - 25 Oct 1755 Nisanci Biyikli Ali Pasha (b. ... - d. 1755)
25 Oct 1755 - 1 Apr 1756 Mehmed Said Pasha
1 Apr 1756 - 11 Jan 1757 Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha
(2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Jan 1757 - 8 Apr 1763 Koca Mehmed Ragib Pasha (b. 1698 - d. 1763)
8 Apr 1763 - 1 Nov 1763 Hamza Hamid Pasha (b. 1700 - d. 1770)
1 Nov 1763 - 28 Mar 1765 Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha
(3rd time) (s.a.)
28 Mar 1765 - 7 Aug 1768 Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1706 - d. 1773)
7 Aug 1768 - 20 Oct 1768 Silahdar Mahir Hamza Pasha (b. 1727 - d. 1768)
20 Oct 1768 - 12 Aug 1769 Yaglikçizade Nisani Mehmed Emin
Pasha (b. 1723 - d. 1769)
12 Aug 1769 - 12 Dec 1769 Moldovanci Ali Pasha
12 Dec 1769 - 25 Oct 1770 Ivazzade Halil Pasha (b. 1724 - d. 1777)
25 Oct 1770 - 11 Dec 1771 Silahdar Mehmed Pasha (b. 1710 - d. 1771)
11 Dec 1771 - 4 Aug 1774 Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Aug 1774 - 6 Jul 1775 Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1732 - d. 1783)
6 Jul 1775 - 5 Dec 1777 Dervis Mehmed Pasha (b. 1729/30 - d. 1777)
5 Dec 1777 - 1 Sep 1778 Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha (b. 1716 - d. 1784)
1 Sep 1778 - 21 Aug 1779 Kalafat Mehmed Pasha (b. ... - d. 1792)
21 Aug 1779 - 20 Feb 1781 Silahdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (b. 1735 - d. 1781)
20 Feb 1781 - 25 Aug 1782 Izzet Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
25 Aug 1782 - 31 Dec 1782 Yegen Haci Mehmed Pasha (b. 1726 - d. 1786)
31 Dec 1782 - 31 Mar 1785 Halil Hamid Pasha (b. 1736 - d. 1785)
31 Mar 1785 - 24 Jan 1786 Sahin Ali Pasha (b. ... - d. 1789)
24 Jan 1786 - 20 May 1789 Koca Yusuf Pasha (1st time) (b. ... - d. 1800)
20 May 1789 - 3 Dec 1789 Kethuda Çerkes Hasan Pasha (b. ... - d. 1810)
3 Dec 1789 - 30 Mar 1790 Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha (b. 1713 - d. 1790)
30 Mar 1790 - 15 Feb 1791 Rusçuklu Cezayirli Hasan Serif
Pasha (b. ... - d. 1791)
15 Feb 1791 - 4 May 1792 Koca Yusuf Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 May 1792 - 19 Oct 1794 Damad Melek Mehmed Pasha (b. 1719 - d. 1802)
19 Oct 1794 - 30 Aug 1798 Izzet Mehmed Pasha (b. 1743 - d. 1812)
30 Aug 1798 - 24 Apr 1805 Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (1st time) (b. 17... - d. 1817)
24 Apr 1805 - 14 Nov 1806 Hafiz Ismail Pasha (b. 1758 - d. 1807)
14 Nov 1806 - 18 Jun 1807 Ibrahim Hilmi Pasha (b. 1747 - d. 1825)
18 Jun 1807 - 28 Jul 1808 Çelebi Mustafa Pasha (b. 17... - d. 1811)
28 Jul 1808 - 16 Nov 1808 Alemdar Mustafa Pasha "Bayrakdar" (b. 1765 - d. 1808)
16 Nov 1808 - 1 Jan 1809 Memis Pasha (b. 17... - d. 1809)
1 Jan 1809 - 10 Apr 1811 Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
10 Apr 1811 - 5 Sep 1812 Laz Ahmed Pasha (b. 17... - d. 1819)
5 Sep 1812 - 1 Apr 1815 Hursid Pasha (b. 17... - d. 1822)
1 Apr 1815 - 5 Jan 1818 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (1st time) (b. 1780 - d. 1860)
5 Jan 1818 - 5 Jan 1820 Dervis Mehmed Pasha (b. 1765 - d. 1837)
5 Jan 1820 - 26 Mar 1821 Seyyid Ali Pasha (b. 1756 - d. 1826)
28 Mar 1821 - 30 Apr 1821 Benderli Ali Pasha (b. 1770 - d. 1821)
30 Apr 1821 - 10 Nov 1822 Haci Salih Pasha (b. 17... - d. 1827)
10 Nov 1822 - 10 Mar 1823 Abdullah Pasha (b. ... - d. 1823)
10 Mar 1823 - 13 Dec 1823 Silahdar Ali Pasha
13 Dec 1823 - 14 Sep 1824 Mehmed Said Galib Pasha (b. 1763/64 - d. 1829)
14 Sep 1824 - 24 Oct 1828 Benderli Mehmed Selim Sirri Pasha (b. 1771 - d. 1831)
24 Oct 1828 - 28 Jan 1829 Izzet Mehmed Pasha (1st time) (b. 1792/93 - d. 1855)
28 Jan 1829 - 18 Feb 1833 Resid Mehmed Pasha (b. c.1776 - d. 1836)
18 Feb 1833 - 2 Jul 1839 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 Jul 1839 - 8 Jun 1840 Mehmed Hüsrev Pasha (b. c.1756 - d. 1855)
8 Jun 1840 - 4 Dec 1841 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
4 Dec 1841 - 30 Aug 1842 Izzet Mehmed Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
30 Aug 1842 - 28 Sep 1846 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (4th time) (s.a.)
28 Jul 1846 - 29 Apr 1848 Mustafa Resid Pasha (1st time) (b. 1800 - d. 1858)
29 Apr 1848 - 12 Aug 1848 Ibrahim Sarim Pasha (b. 1801 - d. 1854)
12 Aug 1848 - 26 Jan 1852 Mustafa Resid Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Jan 1852 - 5 Mar 1852 Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha (5th time) (s.a.)
5 Mar 1852 - 6 Aug 1852 Mustafa Resid Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
6 Aug 1852 - 3 Oct 1852 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (1st time) (b. 1815 - d. 1871)
3 Oct 1852 - 14 May 1853 Damad Mehmed Ali Pasha (b. 1813 - d. 1868)
14 May 1853 - 29 May 1854 Mustafa Naili Pasha (1st time) (b. 1798 - d. 1871)
29 May 1854 - 23 Nov 1854 Kibrisli Mehmed Emin Pasha
(1st time) (b. 1813 - d. 1871)
23 Nov 1854 - 2 May 1855 Mustafa Resid Pasha (4th time) (s.a.)
2 May 1855 - 1 Nov 1856 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
1 Nov 1856 - 6 Aug 1857 Mustafa Resid Pasha (5th time) (s.a.)
6 Aug 1857 - 22 Oct 1857 Mustafa Naili Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
22 Oct 1857 - 7 Jan 1858 Mustafa Resid Pasha (6th time) (s.a.)
7 Jan 1858 - 18 Oct 1859 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
18 Nov 1859 - 24 Dec 1859 Kibrisli Mehmed Emin Pasha
(2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Dec 1859 - 28 May 1860 Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha
(1st time) (b. 1811 - d. 1882)
28 May 1860 - 6 Aug 1861 Kibrisli Mehmed Emin Pasha
(3rd time) (s.a.)
6 Aug 1861 - 22 Nov 1861 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (4th time) (s.a.)
22 Nov 1861 - 5 Jan 1863 Keçecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha
(1st time) (b. 1815 - d. 1869)
5 Jan 1863 - 1 Jun 1863 Yusuf Kamil Pasha (b. 1808 - d. 1876)
1 Jun 1863 - 5 Jun 1866 Keçecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha
(2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Jun 1866 - 11 Feb 1867 Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha
(2nd time) (s.a.)
11 Feb 1867 - 7 Sep 1871 Mehmed Emin Ali Pasha (5th time) (s.a.)
7 Sep 1871 - 31 Jul 1872 Mahmud Nedim Pasha (1st time) (b. 1818 - d. 1883)
31 Jul 1872 - 19 Oct 1872 Midhat Pasha (1st time) (b. 1822 - d. 1884)
19 Oct 1872 - 15 Mar 1873 Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha
(3rd time) (s.a.)
15 Mar 1873 - 15 Apr 1873 Sakizli Ahmed Esad Pasha
(1st time) (b. 1828 - d. 1875)
15 Apr 1873 - 15 Feb 1874 Sirvanizade Mehmed Rüstü Pasha (b. 1828 - d. 1874)
15 Feb 1874 - 26 Apr 1875 Hüseyin Avni Pasha (b. 1820 - d. 1876)
26 Apr 1875 - 26 Aug 1875 Sakizli Ahmed Esad Pasha
(2nd time) (s.a.)
26 Aug 1875 - 12 May 1876 Mahmud Nedim Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 May 1876 - 19 Dec 1876 Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha
(4th time) (s.a.)
19 Dec 1876 - 5 Feb 1877 Midhat Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
5 Feb 1877 - 11 Jan 1878 Ibrahim Edhem Pasha (b. 1818 - d. 1893)
11 Jan 1878 - 4 Feb 1878 Ahmed Hamdi Pasha (b. 1826 - d. 1885)
Chief ministers
4 Feb 1878 - 18 Apr 1878 Ahmed Vefik Pasha (b. 1823 - d. 1891)
18 Apr 1878 - 28 May 1878 Mehmed Sadik Pasha (b. 1825 - d. 1901)
Grand viziers
28 May 1878 - 4 Jun 1878 Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha
(5th time) (s.a.)
4 Jun 1878 - 4 Dec 1878 Mehmed Esad Safvet Pasha (b. 1815 - d. 1883)
4 Dec 1878 - 29 Jul 1879 Tunuslu Hayreddin Pasha (b. 1821 - d. 1890)
29 Jul 1879 - 18 Oct 1879 Arifi Pasha (b. 1830 - d. 1895)
18 Oct 1879 - 9 Jun 1880 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (1st time) (b. 1838 - d. 1914)
9 Jun 1880 - 12 Sep 1880 Mehmed Kadri Pasha (b. 1832 - d. 1884)
12 Sep 1880 - 2 May 1882 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
2 May 1882 - 12 Jul 1882 Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha (b. 1836 - d. 1912)
12 Jul 1882 - 1 Dec 1882 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
1 Dec 1882 - 3 Dec 1882 Ahmed Vefik Pasha (s.a.)
3 Dec 1882 - 25 Sep 1885 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (4th time) (s.a.)
25 Sep 1885 - 4 Sep 1891 Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha
(1st time) (b. 1832 - d. 1913)
4 Sep 1891 - 8 Jun 1895 Ahmed Cevad Pasha (b. 1851 - d. 1900)
8 Jun 1895 - 2 Oct 1895 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (5th time) (s.a.)
2 Oct 1895 - 7 Nov 1895 Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha
(2nd time) (s.a.)
7 Nov 1895 - 9 Nov 1901 Halil Rifat Pasha (b. 1820 - d. 1901)
9 Nov 1901 - 14 Jan 1903 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (6th time) (s.a.)
14 Jan 1903 - 22 Jul 1908 Mehmed Ferid Pasha (b. 1851/52 - d. 1914)
22 Jul 1908 - 5 Aug 1908 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (7th time) (s.a.)
5 Aug 1908 - 14 Feb 1909 Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha
(3rd time) (s.a.)
14 Feb 1909 - 14 Apr 1909 Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1st time) (b. 1855 - d. 1923)
14 Apr 1909 - 5 May 1909 Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (1st time) (b. 1845 - d. 1936)
5 May 1909 - 12 Jan 1910 Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
12 Jan 1910 - 30 Sep 1911 Ibrahim Hakki Pasha (b. 1863 - d. 1918)
30 Sep 1911 - 22 Jul 1912 Küçük Mehmed Said Pasha (8th time) (s.a.)
22 Jul 1912 - 29 Oct 1912 Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha (b. 1839 - d. 1918)
29 Oct 1912 - 23 Jan 1913 Kibrisli Mehmed Kamil Pasha
(4th time) (s.a.)
23 Jan 1913 - 11 Jun 1913 Mahmud Sevket Pasha (b. 1856 - d. 1913)
12 Jun 1913 - 4 Feb 1917 Said Halim Pasha (b. 1865 - d. 1921)
4 Feb 1917 - 14 Oct 1918 Mehmed Talat Pasha (b. 1874 - d. 1921)
14 Oct 1918 - 11 Nov 1918 Ahmed Izzet Pasha (b. 1864 - d. 1937)
11 Nov 1918 - 4 Mar 1919 Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
4 Mar 1919 - 2 Oct 1919 Damad Ferid Pasha (1st time) (b. 1853 - d. 1923)
2 Oct 1919 - 8 Mar 1920 Ali Riza Pasha (b. 1859 - d. 1932)
8 Mar 1920 - 5 Apr 1920 Salih Pasha (b. 1864 - d. 1939)
5 Apr 1920 - 21 Oct 1920 Damad Ferid Pasha (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Oct 1920 - 4 Nov 1922 Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (3rd time) (s.a.)
Prime ministers (in opposition until 4 Nov 1922)
24 Jan 1921 - 12 Jul 1922 Fevzi Pasha (b. 1876 - d. 1950)
12 Jul 1922 - 14 Aug 1923 Hüseyin Rauf Bey (b. 1881 - d. 1964)
14 Aug 1923 - 30 Oct 1923 Ali Fethi Bey (1st time) (b. 1880 - d. 1943)
30 Oct 1923 - 21 Nov 1924 Ismet Pasha (1st time) (s.a.)
21 Nov 1924 - 6 Mar 1925 Ali Fethi Bey (2nd time) (s.a.)
6 Mar 1925 - 27 Sep 1937 Ismet Pasha (from 1 Jan 1935,
Ismet Inönü) (2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Sep 1937 - 25 Jan 1939 Mahmut Celal Bayar (s.a.)
25 Jan 1939 - 8 Jul 1942 Refik Saydam (b. 1881 - d. 1942)
8 Jul 1942 - 9 Jul 1942 Ahmet Fikri Tüzer (acting) (b. 1878 - d. 1942)
9 Jul 1942 - 7 Aug 1946 Sükrü Saracoglu (b. 1887 - d. 1953)
7 Aug 1946 - 10 Sep 1947 Recep Peker (b. 1889 - d. 1950)
10 Sep 1947 - 16 Jan 1949 Hasan Saka (b. 1886 - d. 1960)
16 Jan 1949 - 22 May 1950 Semsettin Günaltay (b. 1883 - d. 1961)
22 May 1950 - 27 May 1960 Adnan Menderes (b. 1899 - d. 1961)
28 May 1960 - 30 Oct 1961 Cemal Gürsel (s.a.)
30 Oct 1961 - 20 Nov 1961 Fahri Özdilek (acting) (b. 1898 - d. 1989)
20 Nov 1961 - 21 Feb 1965 Ismet Inönü (3rd time) (s.a.)
21 Feb 1965 - 27 Oct 1965 Suat Hayri Ürgüplü (b. 1903 - d. 1981)
27 Oct 1965 - 26 Mar 1971 Süleyman Demirel (1st time) (s.a.)
26 Mar 1971 - 17 Apr 1972 Nihat Erim (b. 1912 - d. 1980)
17 Apr 1972 - 15 Apr 1973 Ferit Melen (b. 1906 - d. 1988)
(acting to 22 May 1972)
15 Apr 1973 - 25 Jan 1974 Naim Talu (b. 1919 - d. 1998)
25 Jan 1974 - 17 Nov 1974 Bülent Ecevit (1st time) (b. 1925 - d. 2006)
17 Nov 1974 - 31 Mar 1975 Sadi Irmak (b. 1904 - d. 1990)
31 Mar 1975 - 21 Jun 1977 Süleyman Demirel (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Jun 1977 - 21 Jul 1977 Bülent Ecevit (2nd time) (s.a.)
21 Jul 1977 - 5 Jan 1978 Süleyman Demirel (3rd time) (s.a.)
5 Jan 1978 - 12 Nov 1979 Bülent Ecevit (3rd time) (s.a.)
12 Nov 1979 - 12 Sep 1980 Süleyman Demirel (4th time) (s.a.)
20 Sep 1980 - 13 Dec 1983 Bülent Ulusu (b. 1923 - d. 2015)
13 Dec 1983 - 31 Oct 1989 Turgut Özal (s.a.)
31 Oct 1989 - 9 Nov 1989 Ali Bozer (acting) (b. 1925 - d. 2020)
9 Nov 1989 - 23 Jun 1991 Yildirim Akbulut (b. 1935 - d. 2021)
23 Jun 1991 - 20 Nov 1991 Mesut Yilmaz (1st time) (b. 1947 - d. 2020)
20 Nov 1991 - 16 May 1993 Süleyman Demirel (5th time) (s.a.)
16 May 1993 - 25 Jun 1993 Erdal Inönü (acting) (b. 1926 - d. 2007)
25 Jun 1993 - 6 Mar 1996 Tansu Çiller (f) (b. 1946)
6 Mar 1996 - 28 Jun 1996 Mesut Yilmaz (2nd time) (s.a.)
28 Jun 1996 - 30 Jun 1997 Necmettin Erbakan (b. 1926 - d. 2011)
30 Jun 1997 - 11 Jan 1999 Mesut Yilmaz (3rd time) (s.a.)
11 Jan 1999 - 18 Nov 2002 Bülent Ecevit (4th time) (s.a.)
18 Nov 2002 - 14 Mar 2003 Abdullah Gül (s.a.)
14 Mar 2003 - 28 Aug 2014 Recep Tayyip Erdogan (s.a.)
28 Aug 2014 - 24 May 2016 Ahmet Davutoglu (b. 1959)
(acting to 29 Aug 2014)
24 May 2016 - 9 Jul 2018 Binali Yildirim (b. 1955)
šThe full style of the rulers was, since about 1500, Sultan Hân N.N., Padishah, Hünkar, Hakan ül-Berreyn vel-Bahreyn. Padishah is pure Persian for Great King, Hünkar is a contraction of Middle Persian Khudavendigar, originally an epithet of semi-divine status, Hakan is the Mongol style of the successors of Chinggiz Han, and ül-Berreyn vel-Bahreyn is Arabic al-Barrayn wa al-Bahrayn, meaning literally "of both lands and both seas." Sultan is an Aramaism in Arabic, originally meaning "power," and only gradually being made into a style for rulers. In the Ottoman system every close relative of the ruler, male and female, was styled Sultan, either before or after the name.
5 Sep 1938 Sanjak of Alexandretta separated from Syria as State of Hatay 23 Jul 1939 incorporated into Turkey Head of State 5 Sep 1938 - 23 Jul 1939 Tayfur Sökmen (b. 1892 - d. 1980)
Prime minister 5 Sep 1938 - 23 Jul 1939 Abdurrahman Melek (b. 1896 - d. 1978)
May 1881 Zakaspiyskaya (Transcaspian) oblast established within
Russian Turkestan (see under Uzbekistan)
30 Apr 1918 part of Turkestan S.F.R./A.S.S.R. (see under Uzbekistan)
27 Oct 1924 Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic proclaimed
13 May 1925 accession to the Soviet Union (see Soviet republics)
27 Oct 1991 independence declared (Turkmenistan)
25 Dec 1991 final independence (dissolution of the U.S.S.R.)
Heads (from 1901, military governors) of Zakaspiyskaya oblast
18 May 1881 - 3 Apr 1883 Pyotr Rerberg (b. 1835 - d. 1912)
3 Apr 1883 - 8 Apr 1890 Aleksandr Komarov (b. 1830 - d. 1904)
8 Apr 1890 - 13 Jan 1898 Aleksey Kuropatkin (b. 1848 - d. 1925)
31 Oct 1898 - 1901 Andrey Bogolyubov (b. 1841 - d. 1909)
23 Apr 1901 - 27 Dec 1902 Dean Subbotich (b. 1852 - d. 1920)
27 Dec 1902 - 18 Dec 1905 Yevgeny Usakovsky (b. 1851 - d. 1935)
18 Dec 1905 - 23 Feb 1908 Vladimir Kosagovsky (b. 1857 - d. 1918)
23 Feb 1908 - 14 Jan 1911 Mikhail Yevreinov (b. 1851 - d. 19...)
14 Jan 1911 - 28 Jan 1913 Fyodor Shostak (b. 1853 - d. 19...)
28 Jan 1913 - 1916 Leonid Lesh (b. 1862 - d. 1934)
1916 - 1917 Nikolay Kolmakov (acting) (b. 1858 - d. 19...)
Chairmen of the Revolutionary Committee
Oct 1924 - Dec 1924 Kaygisiz Atabayev (b. 1887 - d. 1938)
Dec 1924 - Feb 1925 Nedirbay Aytakov (b. 1894 - d. 1938)
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee
Feb 1925 - Aug 1937 Nedirbay Aytakov (s.a.)
Presidents
2 Nov 1990 - 21 Dec 2006 Saparmurat Niyazov
(from 22 Oct 1993:) "Turkmenbashi" (b. 1940 - d. 2006)
21 Dec 2006 - 19 Mar 2022 Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
(from 26 Oct 2010:) "Arkadag" (b. 1957)
(acting to 14 Feb 2007)
19 Mar 2022 - Serdar Berdymukhammedov (b. 1981)
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars
Feb 1925 - Aug 1937 Kaygisiz Atabayev (s.a.)
Prime minister
30 Oct 1990 - 13 Nov 1991 Khan Akhmedov (b. 1936 - d. 2006)
1799 part of Bahamas
25 Dec 1848 separate colony
1874 part of Jamaica
4 Jul 1959 separate colony; part of the Federation of the West Indies
(see under Trinidad and Tobago) to 31 May 1962
Presidents
29 Jan 1849 - Feb 1854 Frederick Henry Alexander Forth (b. 1808 - d. 1876)
1854 - 1862 William Robert Inglis (b. 1823 - d. 1888)
1862 - 1869 Alexander Wilson Moir (b. 1823 - d. 1897)
1869 - 1872 Alexander Augustus Melfort
Campbell (b. 1827 - d. 1890)
1872 - 1874 Daniel Thomas Smith
Commissioners
1874 - 1878 Daniel Thomas Smith
1878 Edward Noel Walker (acting)
1878 - 1883 Robert Baxter Llewelyn (b. 1845 - d. 1919)
1883 - 1885 Frederick Shedden Sanguinetti (b. 1847 - d. 1906)
1885 - 1890 Henry Moore Jackson (b. 1849 - d. 1908)
1890 - 1891 Alexis Wynns Harriott (acting) (b. 1835 - d. 1916)
1891 - 1893 Henry Higgins
1893 - 1899 Edward Cameron (b. 1858 - d. 1947)
1899 - 1901 Geoffrey Peter St. Aubyn (b. 1858 - d. 1921)
1901 - 1905 Douglas Young (b. 1859 - d. 1943)
1906 - 1914 Frederick Henry Watkins (b. 1859 - d. 1928)
1914 - 1923 George Whitfield Smith (b. 1861 - d. 1934)
1923 - 1932 Harold Ernest Phillips (b. 1877 - d. 1941)
1933 - 1934 Hugh Houston Hutchings (b. 1869 - d. 1937)
1934 - 1936 Frank Cecil Clarkson (b. 1882 - d. 19...)
1936 - 1940 Hugh Charles Norwood Hill (b. 1890 - d. 1968)
1940 - 1946 Edwin Arrowsmith (b. 1909 - d. 1992)
1947 - 1952 Cyril Eric Wool-Lewis (b. 1906 - d. 1975)
1952 - 1955 Peter Bleackley (b. 1915 - d. 2002)
1955 - 1958 Ernest Gordon Lewis (b. 1918 - d. 2006)
1958 - 4 Jul 1959 Geoffrey Colin Guy (b. 1921 - d. 2006)
Administrators
4 Jul 1959 - 15 Jan 1965 Geoffrey Colin Guy (s.a.)
15 Jan 1965 - 5 May 1965 Robert Everard Wainwright
(1st time) (acting) (b. 1913 - d. 1990)
5 May 1965 - 1967 John Anthony Golding (b. 1920 - d. 2012)
1967 - 1971 Robert Everard Wainwright
(2nd time) (s.a.)
1971 - Apr 1973 Alexander Graham Mitchell (b. 1923 - d. 2010)
Governors
Apr 1973 - May 1975 Alexander Graham Mitchell (s.a.)
May 1975 - Jul 1978 Arthur Christopher Watson (b. 1927 - d. 2001)
Aug 1978 - Sep 1982 John Clifford Strong (b. 1922 - d. 2003)
Oct 1982 - Jan 1987 Christopher Turner (b. 1933 - d. 2014)
Jan 1987 - Jun 1993 Michael Bradley (b. 1933 - d. 2010)
Jun 1993 - Sep 1996 Martin Bourke (b. 1947)
Oct 1996 - Jan 2000 John Kelly (b. 1941)
27 Jan 2000 - 26 Nov 2002 Mervyn Jones (b. 1942)
26 Nov 2002 - 16 Dec 2002 Cynthia Astwood (f) (acting) (b. 1946)
16 Dec 2002 - 21 Jun 2005 Jim Poston (b. 1945 - d. 2007)
21 Jun 2005 - 11 Jul 2005 Mahala Wynns (f) (1st time) (b. 1948)
(acting)
11 Jul 2005 - 16 Jul 2008 Richard Tauwhare (b. 1959)
16 Jul 2008 - 5 Aug 2008 Mahala Wynns (f) (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
5 Aug 2008 - 22 Aug 2011 Gordon Wetherell (b. 1948)
22 Aug 2011 - 12 Sep 2011 Martin Stanley (acting) (b. 1948)
12 Sep 2011 - 15 Sep 2013 Damian Roderic Todd (b. 1959)
15 Sep 2013 - 4 Oct 2013 Anya Williams (f) (1st time) (b. 1980?)
(acting)
4 Oct 2013 - 9 Oct 2013 Huw Shepheard (acting) (b. 1957)
9 Oct 2013 - 10 Oct 2016 Peter Beckingham (b. 1949)
10 Oct 2016 - 17 Oct 2016 Anya Williams (f) (2nd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
17 Oct 2016 - 7 Jul 2019 John Freeman (b. 1951)
7 Jul 2019 - 15 Jul 2019 Anya Williams (f) (3rd time) (s.a.)
(acting)
15 Jul 2019 - 29 Mar 2023 Nigel Dakin (b. 1964)
29 Mar 2023 - 29 Jun 2023 Anya Williams (f) (4th time) (s.a.)
(acting)
29 Jun 2023 - Dileeni Daniel-Selvaratnam (f) (b. 1976?)
Chief ministers
Aug 1976 - 9 May 1980 J.A.G.S. McCartney (b. 1945 - d. 1980)
19 Jun 1980 - Nov 1980 Oswald O. Skippings (1st time) (b. 1953)
Nov 1980 - 28 Mar 1985 Norman B. Saunders (b. 1943)
28 Mar 1985 - 24 Jul 1986 Nathaniel J.S. Francis (b. 1912 - d. 2004)
Jul 1986 - May 1987 Advisory Council (interim)
- Ariel Misick (b. 1951)
- Emmanuel Missick
- Clement Howell (b. 1935 - d. 1987)
- Carlos W. Simons (b. 1954)
May 1987 - Mar 1988 Advisory Council (interim)
- Daniel Malcolm
- Tom Lightbourne
- Herbie Ingham
Mar 1988 - Apr 1991 Oswald O. Skippings (2nd time) (s.a.)
Apr 1991 - 3 Feb 1995 Washington Misick (b. 1950)
3 Feb 1995 - 15 Aug 2003 Derek Taylor (b. 1951)
15 Aug 2003 - 9 Aug 2006 Michael Misick (b. 1966)
Premiers
9 Aug 2006 - 23 Mar 2009 Michael Misick (s.a.)
23 Mar 2009 - 14 Aug 2009 Galmo Williams
18 Aug 2009 - 15 Oct 2012 Advisory Council (interim)
- Joseph Connolly (to 5 Jul 2012)
- Edith Cox (f)
- Theo Durham
- Carlton Mills
- Eugene Otuonye (to 13 Jul 2011)
- Doreen Quelch-Missick (f)
- John Smith
- Clayton Thomas (b. 1961?)
(from 11 Aug 2011)
(plus ex officio the governor, deputy governor, chief executive,
attorney general, and permanent secretary, finance)
13 Nov 2012 - 20 Dec 2016 Rufus Ewing (b. 1968)
20 Dec 2016 - 20 Feb 2021 Sharlene Cartwright Robinson (f) (b. 1971)
20 Feb 2021 - Washington Misick (s.a.)
1892 part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands (see Kiribati)
1 Oct 1975 separate dependency
1 Oct 1978 independence
Chiefs of Funafuti (title Aliki tupu)
... - ... Telematua
... - ... Kaitosuga
... - ... Tailoa I
... - ... Tailoa II
... - ... Tepaolo
... - ... Salaika
... - ... Polau
... - ... Tauasa
... - ... Silimaiau
... - ... Tila
... - ... Sokomani
... - ... Talafou
... - ... Featule
... - ... Teleke
... - ... Matavai
... - ... Iakopo
... - ... Manu
*1892 - 1902 Elia (b. 18... - d. 1902)
Commissioner
1 Oct 1975 - 1 Oct 1978 Thomas H. Layng (b. 1933 - d. 2015)
Governors-general (representing the British monarch as head of state)
1 Oct 1978 - 1 Mar 1986 Fiatau Penitala Teo (from 2 Jun
1979, Sir Fiatau Penitala Teo) (b. 1911 - d. 1998)
1 Mar 1986 - 1 Oct 1990 Tupua Leupena (from 25 Jul 1986,
Sir Tupua Leupena) (b. 1922 - d. 1996)
1 Oct 1990 - 1 Dec 1993 Sir Toaripi Lauti (b. 1928 - d. 2014)
1 Dec 1993 - 21 Jun 1994 Tomu Sione (b. 1941 - d. 2016)
21 Jun 1994 - 26 Jun 1998 Tulaga Manuella (from 15 Feb 1996,
Sir Tulaga Manuella) (b. 1936)
26 Jun 1998 - 9 Sep 2003 Sir Tomasi Puapua (b. 1938)
9 Sep 2003 - 15 Apr 2005 Faimalaga Luka (b. 1940 - d. 2005)
15 Apr 2005 - 19 Mar 2010 Filoimea Telito (from 12 Jan 2007,
Sir Filoimea Telito) (b. 1945 - d. 2011)
19 Mar 2010 - 16 Apr 2010 Sir Kamuta Latasi (acting) (b. 1936)
16 Apr 2010 - 22 Aug 2019 Iakoba Taeia Italeli (from 21 Jun
2011, Sir Iakoba Taeia Italeli)
22 Aug 2019 - Jan 2021 Teniku Talesi (f) (acting)
Jan 2021 - 28 Sep 2021 Samuelu Teo (acting) (b. 1957)
28 Sep 2021 - Tofiga Falani (from 18 Sep 2022,
Sir Tofiga Falani)
Chief minister
2 Oct 1975 - 1 Oct 1978 Toalipi Lauti (s.a.)
Prime ministers
1 Oct 1978 - 8 Sep 1981 Toalipi Lauti (from 1980, Toaripi
Lauti) (s.a.)
8 Sep 1981 - 16 Oct 1989 Tomasi Puapua (s.a.)
16 Oct 1989 - 10 Dec 1993 Bikenibeu Paeniu (1st time) (b. 1956)
10 Dec 1993 - 24 Dec 1996 Kamuta Latasi (s.a.)
24 Dec 1996 - 27 Apr 1999 Bikenibeu Paeniu (2nd time) (s.a.)
27 Apr 1999 - 8 Dec 2000 Ionatana Ionatana (b. 1938 - d. 2000)
8 Dec 2000 - 24 Feb 2001 Lagitupu Tuilimu (acting)
24 Feb 2001 - 14 Dec 2001 Faimalaga Luka (s.a.)
14 Dec 2001 - 2 Aug 2002 Koloa Talake (b. 1934 - d. 2008)
2 Aug 2002 - 27 Aug 2004 Saufatu Sopoanga (b. 1952 - d. 2020)
27 Aug 2004 - 14 Aug 2006 Maatia Toafa (1st time) (b. 1954)
(acting to 11 Oct 2004)
14 Aug 2006 - 29 Sep 2010 Apisai Ielemia (b. 1955 - d. 2018)
29 Sep 2010 - 24 Dec 2010 Maatia Toafa (2nd time) (s.a.)
24 Dec 2010 - 1 Aug 2013 Willy Telavi (b. 1958)
1 Aug 2013 - 19 Sep 2019 Enele Sopoaga (b. 1956)
(acting to 5 Aug 2013)
19 Sep 2019 - 26 Feb 2024 Kausea Natano (b. 1957)
26 Feb 2024 - Feleti Teo (b. 1962)